Risk posed by anthropogenically driven toxic pollutants in Abu Qir Bay, East Alexandria, Egypt [Elektronische Ressource] / von Mohammed Abd El-Hamid Khairy Kamal

Khairy

Sujets

• Social work

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_carolo-wilhelmina_zu_braunschweig
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

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Risk Posed by Anthropogenically Driven Toxic Pollutants
in Abu Qir Bay, East Alexandria, Egypt






Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften

der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina

zu Braunschweig

zur Erlangung des Grades eines

Doktors der Naturwissenschaften

(Dr. rer. nat.)

genehmigte

D i s s e r t a t i o n







Von

Mohammed Abd EL-Hamid Khairy Kamal

aus Alexandria / Ägypten






















































1. Referent: Professor Dr. mult. Dr. h. c. Müfit Bahadir
2. Referent: apl. Professor Dr. Ulrich Engelhardt
eingereicht am: 16.07.2008
mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 18.08.2008

Druckjahr 2008






Risk Posed by Anthropogenically Driven Toxic Pollutants
in Abu Qir Bay, East Alexandria, Egypt






A thesis submitted to the

Faculty of Life Sciences, Technical University of

Carolo-Wilhelmina of Braunschweig, Germany

In the partial fulfillment for

PhD Degree of Natural Sciences












By

Mohammed Abd EL-Hamid Khairy Kamal

From Alexandria / Egypt
























































1. Reference: Prof. Dr. mult. Dr. h. c. A. Müfit Bahadir
2. Reference: apl. Professor Dr. Ulrich Engelhardt
Submission date: 16.07.2008
Oral examination: 18.08.2008

2008

Acknowledgments

Praise is to Allah, the lord of all creatures who taught man the whole science and the
names of all things.

This work was carried out during the period from 2006 to 2008 in the Institute of
Ecological Chemistry and Waste Analysis in the Technical University of Braunschweig,
Germany. I am greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. Müfit Bahadir, the head of the institute and
my supervisor for giving me the opportunity to perform this work in Germany under
excellent working atmosphere, his encouragement, patience and interest that he showed in
my work. During the project period, I found him a true academician and I will always
remember him with respect.

My special thanks are due to Dr. Marit Kolb for assisting me during the research
activities, for creative ideas, and especially for the careful reading of my thesis.

No words can express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Alaa Ramadan Mostafa, Professor of
Organic Geochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science,
Alexandria University, Egypt for his guidance and help during the initial preparation for
this project.

Special thanks to Dr. Anwar EL-Fiky, Assistant Prof. of Hydrogeology for his
participation in the sampling process, his encouragement and his great support.

I would like also to express my deepest thanks to Mrs Christiane Schmidt for her help,
support and encouragement at the beginning of my practical work in Germany. I closely
worked with her throughout the initial stages of this stud and I found in her a decent,
kind and a greatly respective person. I would like to thank her very much for introducing
me to the instruments and her guide during the metal analysis.


I am grateful to all my colleagues in the Institute of Ecological Chemistry and Waste
Analysis for providing a good working environment, working assistance whenever
necessary, and for sharing their scientific knowledge

I am honored to dedicate this thesis to my wife, who sacrified her efforts, time, provided
love and support that made this work possible. Special thanks also for my son Youssouf,
who made the life different since he was born.

Finally, I am greatly thankful for my parents, my sister and my brother for their support
and their encouragement.



























CONTENTS


CONTENTS

1- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Environmental problems of coastal areas....................................................................... 1
1.2. Trace metals in the marine environment ........................................................................ 2
1.3. Analysis of trace metals in sediments ............................................................................ 3
1.4. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the marine environment .................................. 4
1.5. Bivalves in marine environmental studies ...................................................................... 7
1.6. Environmental risk assessment ..................................................................................... 9
1.7. Study area ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.8. Previous studies on Abu Qir Bay ................................................................................... 20
1.9. Objectives of the present work ....................................................................................... 22

2- MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................. 24
2.1. Sampling ......................................................................................................................... 24
2.2. Reagents and chemicals ................................................................................................
2.3. Physicochemical characterization of sediments ............................................................ 27
2.3.1. Sediment grain size analysis .................................................................................
2.3.2. Determination of water content ............................................................................. 28
2.3.3. Determination of total organic carbon (TOC) ........................................................ 29
2.3.4. Determination of calcium carbonate ..................................................................... 29
2.4. Determination of total metals in sediments .................................................................... 29
2.4.1. Sample preparation................................................................................................ 29
2.4.2. ICP-OES analysis...................................................................................................
2.5. Sequential extraction procedures for trace metals in the sediments ............................. 32
2.6. Determination of total metals in mussels ....................................................................... 33
2.6.1. Sample preparation ............................................................................................... 33
2.6.2. ICP-MS analysis.....................................................................................................
2.7. Determination of organic pollutants in sediments .......................................................... 34
2.7.1. Extraction ..............................................................................................................
2.7.2. Cleanup with column chromatography .................................................................. 34
2.7.3. Sulphur removal .................................................................................................... 35
2.8. Determination of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in mussels ...............................
2.8.1. Extraction ........... 35
2.8.2. Clean up with co................................................................. 36
2.9. Determination of PAHs in mussels ................................................................................. 36
2.9.1. Extraction ....