Role of EXO1 and 53BP1 in DNA damage signalling [Elektronische Ressource] / von Kodandaramireddy Nalapareddy

Kodandaramireddy Nalapareddy

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: gottfried_wilhelm_leibniz_universitat_hannover
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 11
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 13 Mo

Extrait

Role of EXO1 and 53BP1 in DNA damage signalling
der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
zur Erlangung des Grades
DOKTOR DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN
Dr. rer. nat.
genehmigte Dissertation
von
M.Sc. Kodandaramireddy Nalapareddy
Geboren am 05.11.1977 in Lingalapuram Village, Indien.
HANNOVER 2007
1Referent: Prof. Dr. K.L. Rudolph
Koreferentin: Prof. Dr. R. Hass
Tag der Promotion: 30. November 2007
2The following study has been carried out under the supervision of Prof. Dr. K. L. Rudolph,
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany between June 2004 and August 2007.
Declaration: Here with I declare that the study has been done by my own under the guidance
of Prof. Dr. K. L. Rudolph and all the information provided is novel and true and has not been
submitted to any other institute or University to obtain any other degree.
Kodandaramireddy Nalapareddy
Referee : Old address:
Prof. Dr. K. L. Rudolph,
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology,
Hannover Medical School,
Har, Germany
Present Address:
Prof. Dr. K. L. Rudolph, Director,
Institut für molekulare Medizin und Max-planck Forschergurppe für
stemmzellalterung, Albert-einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm.
Co-referee : Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Ralf Hass, AG Biochemie und Tumorbiologie.
Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1,30625 Har
Co-referee : Prof. Dr.Hans-Jörg Jacobsen,
Institute of Genetics, Plant Biotechnology Section,
Herrenhaeuser Str-2, D-30419, Hannover.
3Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to my supervisor Prof. Dr. K. L. Rudolph for giving me the opportunity ,
encouragement and support through out my doctorial work to pursue my research and also I
am grateful to Prof. Dr. M. P. Manns for giving me opportunity to pursue my research in
Hannover Medical School. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. R. Hass, Department of
Biochemistry and Tumorbiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover for the help to pursue
my doctorial thesis.
I would like to thank the colleagues from Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School for
their help to Irradiate mice and cells which were necessary for my doctorial thesis work
I would like to thank my colleagues Andre´, Andrea, Aaheli, Arpita, Annika, Elvira, Holger,
Harshvardan, Hong, Luis, Parisa, Satyanarayana, Sonja, Ujala, Yvonne, Zhenyu for valuable
discussions and co-operation through out my research work.
I would like to thank my wife N.Padmavathi devi for valuable discussions and co-operation
through out my research work.
.
4Contents
Title page 1
Declaration 3
Acknowledgements 4
Contents 5
Zusammenfassung-Abstract 8
1. Introduction 10
1.1. The end replication problem of Eukaryotic cells 11
1.2. Telomeres - structure and function 11
1.3. Telomerase and its function 12
1.4. DNA Damage signalling pathway 14
1.4.1. ATM and ATR, the central protein kinases in DNA damage response 15
1.4.2. ATM mediated DNA damage signalling 15
1.4.3. Role of p53 in response to DNA damage and Senescence 16
1.5. Different roles of different DNA damage checkpoint proteins in response to
telomere dysfunction in telomerase RNA component (mTerc) knockout mouse 18
s/s1.6. Rad50 mouse model 19
1.7. 53BP1 mouse model 20
1.8. Exo1 mouse model 20
1.9. Summary and focus of the current study 21
2. Materials and Methods 22
2.1. Antibodies 22
2.2. Cell culture reagents 23
2.3. Chemical 23
2.5. Enzymes, DNA ladder and protein ladder 24
2.5. Laboratory equipment 24
2.6. Kits 25
2.7. Mouse crosses and survival 26
2.7.1. mTerc and Exo1 colony 26
2.7.2. Rad50 and Exo1 colony 26
2.7.3. Rad50 and 53BP1 colony 26
52.8. Molecular methods 26
2.8.1. DNA extraction from mouse tails 26
2.8.2. Genotyping of mTerc mice 27
2.8.3. Genotyping of Exo1mice 27
2.8.4. Genotyping of Rad50 mice 28
2.8.5. Genotyping of 53BP1 mice 28
2.8.6. Western blotting 28
2.8.6.1. Protein preparation 28
2.8.6.2. Protein separation through SDS-PAGE and Western blotting 29
2.9. Immunohistochemistry 30
2.9.1. Apoptotic staining on intestinal crypts 30
2.9.2. BrdU staining on intestinal crypts 30
2.9.3. 31
2.9.4. Co-staining of Telomere probe with γH2AX and 53BP1 31
2.9.5. Co-staining of TUNEL with γH2AX 32
2.10. Stainings for FACS analysis 32
2.11. Cell culture methods 33
2.11.1. Preparation of Mouse Ear Fibrobalsts 33
2.11.2. Proliferation assay on mouse ear fibroblasts 33
2.11.3. ATR staining on mouse ear fibroblasts 34
2.12. Statistical analysis 34
3. Results 35
3.1. Role of Exo1 in telomere shortening induced DNA damage and γ-irradiation.
3.1.1. Exo1 deletion prevents the activation of DNA damage signals in response
to telomere dysfunction . 35
3.1.2. Exo1 deletion impairs the formation of ATR foci in Telomere dysfunctional mice 40
3.1.3. Exo1 deletion reduces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in intestinal crypts of mice
in response to γ-irradiation 41
3.1.4. Exo1 deletion impairs G1 cellcycle arrest in response to 15Gy irradiation in vitro 44
3.1.5. Exo1 deletion does not rescue lifespan of mice carrying a hypermorphic
Rad50 mutation 48
3.2. 53BP1- a down stream target of Rad50. 49
3.2.1. 53BP1 deletion prolongs the lifespan of hyperactive Rad50 mice 49
6
V5SDV3$%LVQWQJ$QLSWLQDDWWHQGSVRQLO+F;U\7s/s3.2.2. 53BP1 deletion rescues haematopoietic failure of Rad50 mice. 51
3.2.3. 53BP1 deletion reduces the rate of apoptosis due to hyper activation of
s/sRad50 in Rad50 mice 54
4. Discussion 55
4.1. Exo1deletion impairs the induction of DNA damage signals 55
4.2. Exo1 deletion impairs the accumulation of DNA damage in telomere
dysfunctional mice 55
4.3. 53BP1 – A down stream target of RAD50 56
Reference List 57
Curriculum Vitae 63
7Zusammenfassung
Disfunktionelle Telomere induzieren eine DNA Schädigungsantwort in Folge auf
Aktivierung von DNA Schädigungs-Signalkontrollpunkten, wodurch Zellzyklusarrest
oder Apoptose ausgelöst wird. Für die Kontrollpunktsaktivierung in der Bäckerhefe
wird ein Exonuklease 1 (EXO1) abhängiges Prozessieren von disfunktionellen
Telomeren und die Generierung von einzelsträngiger DNA (ssDNA) benötigt. Es ist
unbekannt, ob auch in Säugerzellen EXO1 eine Rolle in der Induktion von
Kontrollpunkten in Antwort auf Telomerdisfunktion oder DNA Doppelstrangbrüchen
spielt. Unsere Studien haben gezeigt, dass eine Deletion der Nuklease-Domäne von Exo1
die DNA Schädigungsantwort sowohl im Darmepithel von Mäusen als auch in Mausohr-
Fibroblasten in Antwort auf Telomerdisfunktion auf γ-Bestrahlung verhindert. Die
verminderte Formierung von DNA Schädigungs-Foci korrelierte mit einer reduzierten
Induktion von Proteinen wie ATR, p53, CHK2 und p21, die in der DNA
Schädigungssignalkaskade Exo1 nachgeschaltet sind. Die Deletierung von Exo1 zeigt
keinen lebendsverlängernden Effekt bei Rad50 Knockin Mäusen, die eine hypermorphe
Mutation des Rad50 Gens exprimieren. Allerdings zeigte sich, dass die Deletion von
53BP1 zu einer höheren Überlebensrate von hypermorphen Rad50 Knockin Mäusen
führt. Diese Studien zeigen erstmals, dass Exo1 sehr weit oben in der DNA
Schädigungskaskade eine DNA Schädigungsantwort in Antwort auf
Telomerdysfunktion und γ-Bestrahlung in Säugerzellen induziert. Des weiteren liegt
53BP1 in vivo in der DNA Schädigungssignalkaskade unterhalb von Rad50 .
Schlagwörter: Zellzyklus, DNA Schädigung, Telomere Verkürzung
8Abstract
Dysfunctional telomeres induce a DNA damage response leading to cell cycle
arrest or apoptosis due to activation of DNA damage signalling pathway. In budding
yeast, Exonuclease-1 (Exo1) dependent processing of dysfunctional telomeres and
generation of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) is required for checkpoint induction. It is
unknown whether Exo1 has a role for checkpoint induction in response to telomere
dysfunction or DNA breakage in mammalian cells. Our study shows that deletion of the
nuclease domain of Exo1 impaired the DNA damage signalling in mouse intestinal
epithelium in response to telomere dysfunction and γ-irradiation (IR) and also in mouse
ear fibroblasts in response to IR. Impaired DNA damage foci formation correlated with
diminished induction of downstream DNA damage signals including ATR, p53, CHK2
and p21. Exo1 deletion did not rescue survival of knockin mice carrying a hypermorphic
Rad50 mutation. But deletion of 53BP1, a DNA damage signalling protein rescued the
survival of mice with hypermorphic Rad50 mutation. This study provides the first
evidence that Exo1 initiates the very upstream induction of DNA damage signals in
mammalian cells in response to telomere dysfunction and Irradiation and 53BP1 is a
down stream target of Rad50 in vivo in the DNA damage signalling pathway.
Key words: Cell Cycle, DNA damage, Telomere shortening.
9Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1. The end replication problem of eukaryotic cells
In a cell, the nucleus is one of the most important organelle whose function is to
mainta