Methods of sampling and analysis for sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter in the exhaust gases of large combustion plant

European Commission Directorate-General For The Environment Directorate-General For The Information Society And Media

Description

Environmental degradation
Industrial research and development
Environmental research

Sujets

• Oxyde
• Sulfur

Informations

• Publié par: EUROPEAN-COMMISSION-DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-THE-ENVIRONMENT-DIRECTORATE-GENERAL
• Nombre de lectures: 42
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Commission of the European Communities
environment and
quality of life
Methods of sampling and analysis for sulphur
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulate
matter in the exhaust gases of large
combustion plant
Report
EUR 10645 enCommission of the European Communities
env' nmen a d
quaqua oo ie
Methods of sampling and analysis for sulphur
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulate
matter in the exhaust gases of large
combustion plantplant
F. Brieda,1 K. Bull,1 K.W. Bühne,1 M. Calláis,2 T. Menard,2
St.St. C.C. Wallin,3 M.J.M.J. Woodfield3
1 TÜV-Rheinland, am grauen Stein, 1 , D-5000 Köln
2 IRCHA, B.p. 1, F-91710 Vert-Ie-Petit
3 Warren Spring Laboratory, Gunnels Wood Road,
Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2BX, UK
Contract No 84-B-6642-11 -005-1 1-N
Directorate-General
Environment, ConsumerConsumer ProtectionProtection andand Nuclear Safety
1986 EUR 10645 enPublished by the
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Directorate-General
Telecommunications, Information IndustriesIndustries andand InnovationInnovation
Bâtiment Jean Monnet
LUXEMBOURG
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on
behalf of the is responsible for the use which might be made of the
followingfollowing information
CataloguingCataloguing datadata cancan bebe foundfound atat thethe endend ofof thisthis publicationpublication
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1986
ISBN 92-825-6561 -0 Catalogue number: CD-NO-86-01 7-EN-C
©© ECSC-EEC-EAEC, BrusselsBrussels ·· Luxembourg,Luxembourg, 19861986 **
Printed in Belgium- Ill -
CONTENTSCONTENTS
Page No
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX
LISTLIST OFOF TECHNICALTECHNICAL ABBREVIATIONS XIXI
INTRODUCTION
1. NATIONAL EMISSION REGULATIONS 2
1.1 Belgium 6
1 . 2 Denmark 6
1.31.3 Federal RepublicRepublic ofof Germany 77
1 . 4 Greece 9
1 . 5 France 9
1.6 Eire 12
1.71.7 ItalyItaly 1313
1 . 8 Luxembourg 1 4
1.9 Netherlands 14
1.10 United Kingdom 15
1.11 Portugal 16
1.121.12 SpainSpain 1616
2. MEASUREMENT METHODS 18
2.0 Introduction 18
2.1 Sample Conditioning and Handling 19
2.1.12.1.1 ParticulateParticulate (Sampling(Sampling andand Handling)Handling) 1919
2.1.2 Gas (Sampling and Handling) 20
2.1.2.1 Manual Methods 20
2.1.2.22.1.2.2 On-lineOn-line 2121IV
PagePage NoNo
2.2 Particulates 21
21
2.2.1 Discontinuous Methods
212.2.1.1 Gravimetric Method
242.2.2 Continuous Methods
242.2.2.1 In-situ Photometric Methods
2.2.2.2 Light Scattering Measurement 26
2.2.2.3 Beta Ray Absorption 28
292.2.2.4 Obscuration Method
312.3 Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen
312.3.1 Discontinuous Methods for Sulphur Dioxide
2.3.1.1 Iodometric Thiosulphate Method 31
2.3.1.2 Titrimetric Hydrogen Peroxide Method 34
2.3.1.3 Gravimetric Method 34
2.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide - Thorin Method 34
2.3.2 Discontinuous Methods for Oxides of Nitrogen 35
2.3.2.1 Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method 35
2.3.2.22.3.2.2 AcidimétrieAcidimétrie Titration Method 3636
2.3.2.3 Sodium Salicylate Method 37
2.3.2.4 2,6-dimethylphenol Method 37
2.3.2.5 Chromotropic Acid Method 38
2.3.2.6 Saltzman Method 38
2.3.3 Continuous Methods for Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides 39
of Nitrogen
2.3.3.12.3.3.1 Non-dispersiveNon-dispersive Spectrometry MethodsMethods 3939
2.3.3.2 Dispersive Ultra Violet Photometry Methods 44PagePage NoNo
2.3.3.3 Second Derivative Ultra Violet Photometry 47
Method
2.3.3.4 Interferential MethodMethod 4747
2.3.4 Continuous Measurement Methods for SO, Only 48
2.3.4.1 Conductometry 49
2.3.4.2 Flame PhotometryPhotometry 55 00
2.3.4.3 Fluorescence 51
2.3.4.4 Electrochemical Method 51
2.3.5 Continuous Measurement Methods for NO Only 54
2.3.5.1 Chemiluminescence 54
2.4 Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide 55
2.4.1 Discontinuous Methods 5 5
2.4.1.1 Orsat Apparatus 55
2.4.22.4.2 Continuous Methods 55 55
2.4.2.1 Potentiometrie Method 5 7
2.4.2.2 Paramagnetic/Thermomagnetic Methods 5 7
2.4.2.3 Non-dispersive InfraInfra RedRed ExtractiveExtractive 55 88
Photometry
2.4.2.4 Polarographie Method 5 9
2.5 Volume Flow, Mass Flow, Humidity, Temperature 59
2.5.1 Volume Flow 5 9
2.5.1.1 Discontinuous /Manual Methods 5 9
2.5.1.2 Continuous Methods 6060- VI
PagePage NoNo
2.5.2 Humidity 6 3
2.5.3 Temperature 63
2.5.42.5.4 PressurePressure 6464
2.6 Calculation of S02 Emissions from Fuel Sulphur Content 64
Measurements
2.7 Data Treatment Devices 64
2.8 Installation, Maintenance and Calibration of Continuous 66
Measurement Devices
2.8.1 General Notes 66
2.8.2 Calibration of Particulate Measurement Devices 68
2.8.2.1 Dust Concentration Measurement Devices 68
2.8.2.22.8.2.2 SmokeSmoke DensityDensity Meters 6969
2.8.3 Calibration of Measurement Devices for Gaseous 70
Components
2.8.3.12.8.3.1 FunctionalFunctional TestingTesting 7070
2.8.3.2 Measurement Devices for Sulphur Dioxide 70
and Nitrogen Oxides
2.8.42.8.4 EvaluationEvaluation ofof thethe CalibrationCalibration MeasurementsMeasurements 7171
2.8.5 Maintenance and Operating Procedure 71
2.8.5.1 In-situ Measurement Devices 71
2.8.5.22.8.5.2 MeasurementMeasurement Devices withwith Extractive 7272
Sampling
2.9 Emission Measurements and Procedures used by Member States 72- VII -
PagePage NoNo
3. DISCUSSION OF THE MEASUREMENT METHODS 87
3 . 1 Particulates 87
3.1.1 Discontinuous/Manual Methods 87.
873.1.2 Continuous /Automatic
3.23.2 Sulphur DioxideDioxide 8989
893.2.1 Discontinuous /Manual Methods
893.2.2 Continuous /Automatic
90903.33.3 Oxides ofof Nitrogen
903.3.1 Discontinous/Manual Methods
903.3.2 Continuous/Automatic
913.4 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
913.4.1 Discontinuous /Manual Methods
913.4.2 Continuous /Automatic
913.5 Volume Flow, Temperature and Humidity
913.5.1 Discontinuous /Manual Methods
92923.5.23.5.2 ContinuousContinuous /Automatic/Automatic
923 . 6 Data Treatment
93934.4. SURVEYSURVEY OFOF LARGELARGE COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS
4.1 Numbers of Installations Affected by the Commission's 93
Proposals
4.24.2 Numbers ofof Installations atat which EmissionEmission Measurements 9696
are already made- VIII -
PagePage NoNo
5. SURVEY OF MEASUREMENT COSTS 121
5.1 Investment Costs 121
5.25.2 Maintenance CostsCosts 121121
5.3 Case Study 122
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 126
REFERENCES Rl
ANNEXE 1 Al
ANNEXE 2 A18