Searching in lists while driving [Elektronische Ressource] : identification of factors contributing to driver workload / vorgelegt von Julia Körner

Julia Koerner

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 7
• Langue: English

Extrait

Searching in Lists While Driving
Identification of Factors Contributing to Driver Workload
Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie
an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München
Fakultät für Psychologie und Pädagogik
vorgelegt von
Julia Körner
aus
München
2006Referent: Prof. Dr. Edmund Wascher
Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Prinz
27. Juli 2006 Acknowledgements
I wish to express my thanks to everyone who helped me during the various phases of writing this
dissertation.
I am thankful to Martina Rieger and Edmund Wascher who gave me the opportunity for this
work in the first place and their support during all stages of the thesis, even as physical distances
increased. I also wish to thank them and Wolfgang Prinz for their willingness to act as review-
ers.
This work could not have been realized without the help of Wolfgang Klier who programmed the
electronic interface of the experimental apparatus and Robert Körner who supported me in creat-
ing a java application which permitted data analysis. THANK YOU!
Jacq, many thanks for proofreading!
Martina, thank you very much for guiding me through the last weeks of this dissertation!!
Andrea, thank you very much for your support and patient question-answering during all stages
of the dissertation!
Special thanks go to my family for support and encouragement!
Martin, sorry for having to forbear from doing a lot of things together, and THANKS for bear-
ing me during difficult phases and for your support and encouragement in all respects! Content
Content
List of tables ............................................................................................................vii
List of figures..........................................................................................................viii
Summary....................................................................................................................x
Preface .....................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Determinants of dual task performance............................................................5
1.1.1 Task similarity and performance..................................................................5
1.1.2 Task difficulty and performance...................................................................6
1.1.3 Effort and performance ................................................................................7
1.1.4 Divided attention, timesharing and performance..........................................9
1.1.5 Practice and performance..........................................................................10
1.2 Reasons for dual task performance decrements............................................11
1.2.1 Structural constraints .................................................................................12
1.2.2 Switch costs and limits of divided attention................................................13
1.2.3 Speed-accuracy trade-off15
1.3 Task demands and driving performance.........................................................17
1.3.1 Driving task demands ................................................................................17
1.3.2 In-vehicle system task demands................................................................18
1.3.2.1 Design of lists and menu structure..................................................18
1.3.2.2 Display and control of information...................................................19
1.4 Capability of the driver and driving performance...........................................21
1.4.1 Biological factors........................................................................................21
1.4.2 Knowledge and skills .................................................................................22
1.4.2.1 Level of practice and experience.....................................................23
1.4.2.2 Time-sharing skills ..........................................................................24
1.4.2.3 Task priority management...............................................................25
1.4.2.4 Situation awareness........................................................................27
1.4.2.5 Perceptual-motor skills....................................................................28
iContent
1.5 Workload level and driving performance ........................................................29
1.5.1 Workload – possible definitions .................................................................29
1.5.2 Compensation of suboptimal workload levels............................................30
1.5.2.1 Investing more effort .......................................................................33
1.5.2.2 Adoption of more or less demanding working strategies.................34
1.5.2.3 Skipping subsidiary tasks................................................................35
1.5.3 Modulating variables of driving performance .............................................37
1.5.3.1 Personality and attitudes towards driving........................................37
1.5.3.2 Motivation........................................................................................39
1.5.3.3 Emotion and stress .........................................................................40
1.5.4 Assessment of mental workload43
1.6 General aims of this dissertation.....................................................................45
CHAPTER 2: GENERAL METHODS 46
2.1 Simulating reality...............................................................................................46
2.2 Participants........................................................................................................48
2.3 General experimental setup .............................................................................48
2.3.1 Apparatus ..................................................................................................49
2.3.2 Stimuli50
2.3.2.1 Primary task and track setup...........................................................50
2.3.2.2 Secondary task and list setup .........................................................53
2.3.2.3 Task prompts ..................................................................................55
2.3.3 Controls .....................................................................................................55
2.4 General procedure.............................................................................................56
2.5 Data analysis57
2.5.1 Driving performance (primary task)............................................................59
2.5.2 List performance (secondary task).............................................................60
2.5.3 Subjective ratings of workload ...................................................................62
CHAPTER 3: LIST LENGTH AND POSITION IN THE LIST 63
3.1 Theoretical background....................................................................................63
3.2 Pilot experiment.................................................................................................67
3.2.1 Participants................................................................................................67
3.2.2 Experimental setup68
iiContent
3.2.3 Procedure ..................................................................................................69
3.2.4 Pilot results and discussion .......................................................................69
3.2.4.1 Driving task .....................................................................................69
3.2.4.2 List selection task............................................................................70
3.3 Experiment 1: List position ..............................................................................71
3.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................71
3.3.2 Method.......................................................................................................71
3.3.2.1 Participants71
3.3.2.2 Experimental setup .........................................................................72
3.3.2.3 Procedure .......................................................................................72
3.3.3 Results72
3.3.3.1 Driving performance (primary task).................................................72
3.3.3.2 List performance (secondary task)..................................................74
3.3.3.3 Subjective ratings............................................................................75
3.3.4 Discussion experiment 177
3.4 Experiment 2: List length..................................................................................79
3.4.1 Introduction................................................................................................79
3.4.2 Method.......................................................................................................79
3.4.2.1 Participants .....................................................................................79
3.4.2.2 Experimental setup .........................................................................80
3.4.2.3 Procedure .........................................................................