Selective labelling of peptides with organometallic compounds [Elektronische Ressource] : chemical and biological characterization / presented by Ulrich Hoffmanns

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: ruprecht-karls-universitat_heidelberg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 25
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 14 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences














presented by

Diplom-Chemiker Ulrich Hoffmanns
born in: Essen

thOral examination: February 15 , 2005




Selective Labelling of Peptides with
Organometallic Compounds -
Chemical and Biological Characterization













Referees: Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte
Prof. Dr. Andres Jäschke
Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all people who supported my work during this Ph. D. period.
I am especially indebted to:

Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte, for the opportunity to work in his group and the many
things I have learned, not only in the lab. I would also like to thank him for the time he
always had and his numerous helpful comments.

Dr. Walter Kramer, for many helpful conversations about synthetic problems and NMR
spectroscopy.

Heiko Rudy, who has not only measured numerous mass spectra and elementary analy-
ses but was also a friendly support in whatever technical question.

Tobias Timmermann and Tanja Coelho, for skillfully running the NMR experiments

Angelika Seith, for the measuring of high quality ESI mass spectra

Melanie Ott, for her great assistance and her patience with the cell experiments

Prof. T.J.J. Müller and co-workes for valuable help with the Sonogashira coupling

Michela Doria for carrying out the first logP experiments

Tim Kersebohm and Thomas Happ, for their support and friendship during the last
years

Richard Wombacher for his good ideas and some valuable pieces of literature

... and all other colleagues who were interested in my work, for their encouraging con-
versations.


























Meinen Eltern und
Claudia Zusammenfassung

Hoffmanns, Ulrich Dipl.-Chem. 15. Februar 2005

„Selektive Markierung von Peptiden mit Organometall-Verbindungen - Chemische und
biologische Charakterisierung“

Referent: Prof. Dr. N. Metzler-Nolte
Koreferent: Prof. Dr. A. Jäschke

Die Kopplung von Übergangsmetall-Verbindungen an Peptide und Proteine verleiht
diesen biologisch aktiven Substanzen einzigartige spektroskopische Eigenschaften, wel-
che sie zu wertvollen Werkzeugen in Diagnose und Therapie machen. In dieser Arbeit
wurden neue Methoden zur Einführung von Organometall-Verbindungen in Peptide
5entwickelt. Diese konnten an einem Pentapeptid, [Leu ]-Enkephalin, gezeigt werden,
während Metallocenderivate als Metall-Marker zum Einsatz kamen.
Die Synthese des Pentapeptids Enkephalin und die nachfolgende Markierung durch Fer-
rocen- bzw. Cobaltoceniumcarbonsäure wurden mittels Festphasensynthese realisiert.
Dabei konnten die Organometall-Gruppen sowohl an den N-Terminus als auch an die
Seitenkette eines 4-Amino-modifizierten Phenylalanins gebunden werden. Die unter-
schiedlichen Eigenschaften der jeweiligen Metallverbindungen erforderten den Einsatz
einer Vielzahl verschiedener Harze, Linker und Schutzgruppen.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde mit der Sonogashira-Kopplung, einer Palladium-
katalysierten Kreuzkopplung, eine weitere Methode zur Verknüpfung eines Biomole-
küls mit einer Organometall-Verbindung vorgestellt. Diese Kopplungsreaktion veknüpft
ein Iodaren und eine Alkinyl-Funktion und wurde zunächst an einer Reihe von Dipepti-
den getestet, welche ein 4-Iodo-Phenylalanin enthielten. Nach erfolgreicher Kopplung
einiger Ferrocen-Alkinyl-Verbindungen wurde diese Technik auf das Neuropeptid En-
kephalin übertragen, das ebenfalls an der Phenylalanin-Seitenkette markiert werden
konnte.
Um den Einfluss des Metall-Markers auf die physiologischen Eigenschaften des Ziel-
moleküls zu untersuchen, wurde die Lipophilie einer Reihe von Enkephalin-Derivaten
mit einer modernen HPLC-Methode gemessen. Zusätzlich konnte die Blut-Hirn-
Schranken-Permeabilität in einem in vitro Modell bestimmt werden, welches auf porzi-
nen Hirnkapillar-Endothelzellen basiert. Hierbei zeigte sich eine bessere Permeabilität
für Substanzen mit höherer Lipophilie, wie es für einen reinen Diffusionsmechanismus
erwartet werden kann.
Abstract

thHoffmanns, Ulrich Dipl.-Chem. February 15 , 2005

„Selective Labelling of Peptides with Organometallic Compounds - Chemical and Bio-
logical Characterization“

st1 Referee: Prof. Dr. N. Metzler-Nolte
nd2 Prof. Dr. A. Jäschke

The modification of peptides and proteins with transition metal compounds is a growing
field of interest, since it provides biologically active substances with unique spectro-
scopic properties, serving as valuable tools in diagnosis and therapy. In this work, new
methods for the introduction of organometallic compounds into peptides have been pre-
5sented, using the pentapeptide [Leu ]-Enkephalin as a model target molecule, while
ferrocene and cobaltocenium compounds served as metal markers.
Preparation of enkephalin and the subsequent labelling with ferrocene- and cobaltoce-
nium carboxylic acids were carried out using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
These synthetic pathways comprised the introduction of the metal marker to the N-
terminus, as well as to the side-chain of a 4-amino modified phenylalanine residue,
yielding mono- and di-labelled species. The different properties of the metal compounds
used demanded the combination of diverse linkers, resins and protecting groups.
In the second synthetic part of this work, the binding of the metal fragment by the use of
Sonogashira coupling, a Pd catalyzed cross coupling reaction, was evaluated. As a proof
of concept, dipeptides containing a 4-iodo-phenylalanine were synthesized and different
alkynylated ferrocene derivatives were successfully coupled. An enkephalin derivative
was synthesized next where the natural phenylalanine was substituted by the 4-iodo-
phenylalanine residue, to which the ferrocene-alkyne could be successfully coupled.
To study the influence of the metal marker on the physiological properties of the target
enkephalin molecule, the lipophilicity was determined for a selection of enkephalin
compounds using a modern RP-HPLC method. In addition, the blood-brain-barrier
permeation behaviour of selected compounds was tested. These transport experiments
were conducted by means of porcine brain capillary endothelial cell (PBCEC) monolay-
ers. It was found that the more lipophilic compounds showed higher permeation, as ex-
pected for a passive diffusion mechanism. Table of contents I
Table of contents

1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1
1.1 General introduction.........................................................................................1
1.2 Bio-Inorganic Chemistry..................................................................................1
1.3 Bio-Organometallic chemistry..........................................................................3
1.4 Applications of bio-compatible organometallic compounds ............................ 4
1.4.1 Immunoassays........................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Radiopharmaceuticals .............................................................................. 6
1.4.3 Tumor inhibition (cytostatics)................................................................... 8
1.5 Objectives of this thesis .................................................................................. 10

2 Ferrocene / Cobaltocinium as markers............................................................... 11
2.1 Metallocenes...................................................................................................11
2.2 Synthesis and properties ................................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Group 8 metallocenes ............................................................................. 12
2.2.2 Group 9 metallocenes 13
2.2.3 Spectroscopic aspects of ferrocene/cobaltocenium ................................ 15

3 Peptides..................................................................................................................17
3.1 General outline................................................................................................17
3.2 Synthesis in solution ....................................................................................... 18
3.3 Synthesis on a solid support............................................................................ 20
3.4 Neuropeptides – Introduction ...