Socio-economic aspects of municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development ; Komunalinių atliekų tvarkymo socialiniai-ekonominiai aspektai darnios miestų plėtros kontekste
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Skaidr ė Ži čkien ė SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S) 1064 Vilnius „Technika“ 2004 VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Skaidr ė Ži čkien ė SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S) Vilnius „Technika“ 2004 2 Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Šiauliai University in 1999–2004. The dissertation is defended as an external work. Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Algis Šileika (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics – 04S) The dissertation is defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Economics at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics – 04S).
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| Publié par | vilnius_gediminas_technical_university |
| Publié le | 01 janvier 2005 |
| Nombre de lectures | 55 |
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Vilnius Technika 2004
Skaidrėičkienė SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S)
VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Skaidrėičkienė SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S) Vilnius Technika 2004
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Doctoral dissertation was prepared at iauliai University in 19992004. The dissertation is defended as an external work. Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Algis ileika (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) The dissertation is defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Economics at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S). Members: Prof Dr Habil Leonas Simanauskas (Vilnius University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Prof Dr Habil Artūras Kaklauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Prof Dr Habil RemigijusČiegis (Vilnius University, Faculty of Humanities in Kaunas, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Dr Manuela Tvaronavičienė Gediminas Technical University, Social (Vilnius Sciences, Economics 04S) Opponents: Prof Dr Habil Vidmantas Jankauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Prof Dr Habil Jurgis Kazimieras Stanikis (Kaunas University of Technology, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Land Management 04T) The dissertation will be defended at the public meeting of the Council of Scientific Field of Economics in the Senate Hall of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University at 10 a. m. on January 14, 2005. Address: Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius-40, Lithuania Tel.: +370 5 274 49 52, +370 5 274 49 56, fax +370 5 270 01 12, e-mail doktor@adm.vtu.lt The summary of the doctoral dissertation was distributed on December 14, 2004. A copy of the doctoral dissertation is available for review at the Library of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Saulėtekio al. 14, Vilnius). © Skaidrėičkienė, 2004
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VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS Skaidrėičkienė KOMUNALINIŲATLIEKŲTVARKYMO SOCIALINIAI-EKONOMINIAI ASPEKTAI DARNIOS MIESTŲPLĖTROS KONTEKSTE Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika (04S) Vilnius Technika 2004
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Disertacija rengta 19992004 metais iauliųvinUisreetet . Disertacija ginama eksternu. Mokslinis konsultantas Prof. habil. dr. Algis ileika (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S). Disertacija ginama Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Ekonomikos mokslo krypties taryboje: Pirmininkas prof. habil. dr. Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S). Nariai: prof. habil. dr. Leonas Simanauskas (Vilniaus universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S), prof. habil. dr. Artūras Kaklauskas (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S), prof. habil. dr. RemigijusČiegis (Vilniaus universitetas, Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas, socialiniai mokslai, vadyba ir administravimas 03S), dr. Manuela Tvaronavičienė Gedimino technikos universitetas, (Vilniaus socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S). Oponentai: prof. habil. dr. Vidmantas Jankauskas (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S), prof. habil. dr. Jurgis Kazimieras Stanikis (Kauno technologijos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka 04T). Disertacija bus ginama vieame Ekonomikos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2005 m. sausio 14 d. 10 val. Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Senato posėdiųsalėje. Adresas: Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius-40, Lietuva. Tel.: +370 5 274 49 52; +370 5 274 49 56, faksas +370 5 270 01 12, el. p. doktor@adm.vtu.lt Disertacijos santrauka isiuntinėta 2004 m. gruodio 14 d. Disertaciją peri galimaūrėti Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto bibliotekoje (Saulėtekio al. 14, Vilnius). VGTU leidyklos Technika 1064 mokslo literatūros knyga © Skaidrėičkienė, 2004
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INTRODUCTION Topicality of the problem. The idea of harmonizing economic growth with the laws of development of society and the environment is expressed in the concept of sustainable development. In the frame of sustainable development an exceptional importance is attached to studying material flows, therefore management of waste flows must not contradict the principles of sustainable development. In agreement with M. Jacobs, it is possible to affirm that waste management in the context of sustainable development means using materials in closed cycles. socio-economic efficiency of municipal waste managementInvestigating means studying the organizational waste management process and factors disclosing characteristic features of this process, making deep comparative socio-economic analysis of waste management options and studying waste managements acts both on national and local level in order to reveal the ways of increasing socio-economic efficiency in municipal waste management. This study is induced by the necessity of changing the traditional waste management of depositing it in landfills, by recycling using not only national and international funds, but by mobilizing resources of local waste management systems as well. It is natural, that the policy of waste management, in which neither the scale of economic damage nor future waste management expenditure were evaluated, was orientated towards disposal of waste in refuse dumps. This means transferring problems to future generations, and this cardinally contradicts the concept of sustainable development. Therefore the question arises, what waste management systems should be considered to be efficient from the socio-economic viewpoint. Researches made in EU countries show that these are systems resources of which are directed to waste recycling and continuous its development. In Lithuania, the importance of waste management is emphasized in national strategy of environmental protection and waste recycling promotion has become the most significant waste management task in recent years, therefore attention is given to socio-economic waste management results. For establishing regional waste management systems, to cover the expenses of collecting, sorting out and transporting secondary materials, two main sources of funds are foreseen, that is, general tariff (or local levy) and funds from Program of product and packaging waste management. Fixing general tariff depending on treatment expenses for separate waste flows or setting two-tariff charge on sorted and mixed waste is assigned to most urgent means, not only stimulating collection of secondary material but supporting financially the development of this process as well. However, when increasing general tariff
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all variables should be evaluated, i. e., tendencies in changes of amount and composition of the waste, distribution of wasteholders, number of waste operators on the market, their internal resources available and efficiency of their usage, etc. Otherwise, increase of tariff may be based neither in a social nor in an economic aspect. In the research, waste management priorities in the context of a sustainable development are revealed (based on socio-economic aspects) and internal reserves of municipal waste management systems due to which socio-economical waste management efficiency can be increased are identified. Research problem.Socio-economic and environmental aspects of waste management as well as the role of waste materials in the system of sustainable development have been more or less investigated in works of foreign scientists, the problems of municipal waste management have been analyzed in publications of international organizations as well as in works by foreign authors. In these studies, most attention is concentrated on the process exploitation of natural resources economic growth waste formation analysis and feasibility studies for modifying it in order to achieve sustainable development aims. Publications of international organizations contain abundant technical and statistical information on waste formation and management, nevertheless, economic studies are scarce, superficial and usually based on the experience of a separate country. They are important from a practical point of view and are of rather educational than scientific character. Among Lithuanian scientists theoretical aspects of sustainable development most widely have been investigated by R.Čiegis, feasibility researches of sustainable development are being carried out in separate sectors of economy issues of sustainable transport development are being investigated by G. Paliulis, G. Ignatavičius, V. Okinis, issues of sustainable development in energetics are studies by V. Jankauskas, D. treimikienė, I. Konstantavičiūtė, feasibility studies in sustainable development of industry are researched by J. Stanikis, V. Arbačiauskas, V. Pivoras, sustainable develop-ment of tourism is investigated by A. Rondomanskaitė, R. Hopenienė, A. Kamičaitė. And other scientists. Scientists give more and more consideration to studies of relationship between sustainable development and public interests, issues of regional and local sustainability and problems of evaluating sustainable development. Scientific studies on socio-economical aspects of municipal waste ma-nagement are scanty. Works by A. Spruogis and B. Jaskelevičius, J.Čepinskis, A. Jankauskas, M. Ubartas, A. Lebedis, J. Danys, B. Zigmontienė, S. Vasa-revičius and sociological researches carried out by the scientists of Kaunas University and the author of this thesis in cooperation with the scientists of iauliai University should be mentioned. So far, little attention has been given to research in efficiency of municipal waste management systems and analysis of the problems of managing and financing these systems. Scientific works on assessment of government policy
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in the field of waste management are scarce and there are few expert analysis about the effectiveness of regulations and economic instruments applied and their influence on the development of waste treatment methods. Not much research has been carried out in the works by Lithuanian authors on the issue of municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development. The review of research and studies in socio-economic problems of municipal waste management in the context of a sustainable development shows their fragmentariness. Modeling an efficient in socio-economic aspect municipal waste management system in the context of sustainable development requires purposeful theoretical studies and empiric research. The subject of the scientific researchis socio-economic aspects of municipal waste management system. The aim of the scientific research is a socio-economic substantiation of priorities in municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development, carrying out an economic analysis of the local waste management system, disclosing and substantiation of reserves for increasing socio-economic efficiency in municipal waste management. The ultimate aim of research was achieved through the implementation of the followingevitcejbso: 1. To identify the object of research in the context of sustainable development. 2. To define the structure of social costs for different waste management options and to carry out a comparative analysis of these costs. 3. To carry out a cost-benefit analysis of municipal waste management, to study the characteristics of economic instruments used on local level and to substantiate the principle model of municipal waste management system. 4. the results of experimental research, to identify andBy applying characterize main factors affecting waste collection duration and costs. 5. the reserves for increasing socio-economic efficiency in wasteTo disclose management on local scale and to assess the results of their practical use. Hypothesis of the research.Municipal waste management in Lithuania lacks efficiency and does not correspond with the principles of sustainable development; on local scale there are enough internal reserves for increasing the socio-economical efficiency of municipal waste management as well as for realizing the requirements of sustainable development. Research methodology.eMhtdologocila basis consists of: 1) theories of classical economics and ecology and scientific literature on special and applied economic; 2) recent research results of experts from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Union of International Environment Protection, The World Bank, European Environment Agency and works by foreign and Lithuanian scientists, related to the problem of the dissertation. Research methods. General scientific research methods were applied systematic and comparative analysis of science literature. For economic results of definite waste flows comparative analysis was used. While performing the
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empirical research the method of scientific observation was applied. Statistical analysis of the experimental research data was carried out by using Math Works MATLAB 6.0 programme. Theoretical contribution and practical significance 1. Theoretical scientific novelty is determined by applied research methods, integrating economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects. 2. The following aspects of the research problem have been analysed: ●frameworks for social-economic waste management issues in the context of sustainable development have been investigated; the application ofpressure-state-response has been substantiated; ● of the social costs (benefits) distribution in all waste treatment logic stages has been disclosed, comparative analysis of social costs (benefits) using different waste management methods has been carried out. It has been proved that recycling is superior to other management methods. ●application ofFull Cost Accountingmethod in carrying out cost-benefit analysis of municipal waste management was substantiated. By applying this method economic results of mixed and sorted waste treatment have been disclosed and limitations of methods used at present have been determined; links between local waste management policy instruments used and ● socio-economic municipal waste management results have been defined. It was estimated that the way of using resources of local waste management systems is not sufficient. ● ways of increasing municipal waste management socio-economic the efficiency have been revealed. It has been substantiated that improvements in mixed waste collection enable to reduce its treatment costs and the economy obtained is a significant resource for development of secondary material management. 3. Practical significance of the research is the following: ● research in organizational and socio-economic municipal waste management issues has revealed internal resources of the waste management systems, and this opens new opportunities for improving municipal waste management in major Lithuania towns; ●enabled to identify ways of increasing socio- research results have economic waste management efficiency, and application of the means suggested will partly allow to neutralize the increase of waste management costs in implementing regional waste management systems; RESEARCH STRUCTURE AND PROBLEMS FACED The chapter one basis for the statement that the research of the gives problem of economic rationality in waste management should be systematic and should involve not only an economic, but social environmental and institutional aspects as well.
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The fact that the very concept of sustainable development remains under discussion up to now and feasibilities of realizing it are indistinct caused some difficulties in research. The author, generalizing the existing theoretical concepts has determined that it is most purposeful to investigate sustainable development in economic, social, environmental and institutional aspects. Directions of waste management efficiency research are based on the above mentioned aspects: 1) economic the financial analysis of waste management has been carried out; 2) social social waste management costs have been evaluated; 3) environmental environmentally friendly waste management methods have been identified; 4) institutional efficiency of direct control measures and economic instruments used in the waste management policy has been disclosed. In order to disclose the role of waste management in the context of sustainable development the following frameworks have been analysed: pressure-state-response,the-emtbusemeh, distinguishing of basic subsystems, H. Daly four levels, long term endowments and liabilities-processes-current results. The author maintains that pressure-state-response framework is most suitable, as research logic applied in it enabled to connect the essential factors of changes in the amount of waste with waste management results and institutional instruments of increasing waste management efficiency by cause-effect relations. After analyzing special literature for research of the rate of changes in waste amounts (pressure0, total environment stress model of factor analysis, suggested by P. Malaska has been adapted. Total rate of the environmental stress depends on: 1) human population growth rate) (A); 2) gross national product growth rate (B); 3) resource productivity growth rate (C). Total environmental stress will not increase if every component meets the following requirements: A≤0, B≤0, C≥0. Analysis of total environmental stress factors has shown that: 1) human population growth rate is decreasing, however, the growth continues, therefore anthropogenic effects on the environment, the expression of which is an increase of waste amounts, are getting stronger. Thus, the balance condition A ≤0 will not be satisfied in the nearest future; 2) while GNP is growing despite changes in its structure, increasing incomes and growing consumption generate greater amounts of waste, therefore the second balance condition B≤ is not 0 satisfied either; 3) nor is the balance condition C≥ 0 satisfied, because waste which could be involved into the cycle materials production distribution consumption, does not get into it, as waste recycling when prices of natural resources are rather low is economically ineffective. The results (state) of waste management were assessed according to the degree of development of waste management methods. This choice being based on the fact that one of the waste management socio-economic efficiency assessment criteria in the context of sustainable development is specific weight of recycled waste in the total waste flow. It is established that waste
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management policy in the EU countries is directed to development of waste management methods alternative to dumping in landfills. Landfilling is reduced in the following ways: a) by increasing waste incineration; b) by more active waste recycling; c) by parallely increasing amounts of waste for incineration, recycling and composting. Analyses of the essential factors of changes in the waste amount and waste management studies enabled the author to identify and give basis to essential goals in waste management policy, realization of which requires institutional stimulation. The first goal is to separate waste increase rates from rates of economic growth, the second goal is to treat waste as resource. Systematized variety of institutional methods used in waste management policy (response) leads to the conclusion that a complex of properly chosen and coordinated means of direct regulations and economic instruments functions as a pair of scales, forming incentives to save natural resources and directing waste from landfills to higher levels of waste management hierarchy. In the research the assumption has been made that the quality of regulations and economic instruments applied on both national and local level is decisive for waste management socio-economic results. In the second chapter is concentrated on the analysis of social attention costs for landfilling, recycling, incineration and composting, the priorities in municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development are defined. Much importance has been attached to analysis of the concept of municipal waste. Difficulties in research have been caused by the fact that explanation of the essence of the concept is based on three different interpretations, involving: 1)character of waste; 2)source of waste; 3)waste collection. The author generalizes discussions on the concept of municipal waste and maintains that: a) the criterion of ascribing waste to municipal based on its character is its similarity to household waste; b) sources of municipal waste formation are best defined by dividing it into household waste and waste from other sources (business organizations, public and governmental institutions, municipal services); c) form of property of waste management company is no longer so important in identifying municipal waste nowadays. Changes in waste management in Lithuania confirm the results of the analysis form of property of company is not a criterion of ascribing waste to municipal. Further research is based on the supposition, that priorities in municipal waste management can be best disclosed by carrying out comparative analysis of social costs for different waste treatment options. Research logic of external costs is based on the combination of life cycle analysis and economic valuation. Environment pollution arising from landlilling, incineration, recycling and composting is measured by applying life cycle analysis. For each waste treatment stage the inputs (in terms of materials and energy) and outputs (in terms of emissions to air, water, etc.) are calculated and then aggregated over the life cycle of the service. Physical pollution thus calculated enables to
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