Software alignment of the LHCb inner tracker sensors [Elektronische Ressource] / put forward by Florin Maciuc
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Software alignment of the LHCb inner tracker sensors [Elektronische Ressource] / put forward by Florin Maciuc

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Dissertationsubmitted to theCombined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematicsof the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germanyfor the degree ofDoctor of Natural SciencesPut forward byDiplom-Physiker Florin MACIUCBorn in: Craiova, RomaniaOral examination: 20.04.2009Software Alignmentof the LHCb Inner Tracker SensorsReferees: Prof. Dr. Werner HofmannProf. Dr. Stephanie Hansmann-MenzemerThis thesis is dedicated to my wonderful parents and my entire family.Abstract2This work uses the Millepede linear alignment method, which is essentially a minimization algo-rithm, to determine simultaneously between 76 and 476 alignment parameters and several million trackparameters. For the case of non-linear alignment models, Millepede is embedded in a Newton-Raphsoniterative procedure. If needed a more robust approach is provided by adding quasi-Newton steps which2minimize the approximate model function. The alignment apparatus is applied to locally align theLHCb’s Inner Tracker sensors in an a priori xed system of coordinate. An analytic measurement modelwas derived as function of track parameters and alignment parameters, for the two cases: null and non-null magnetic eld. The alignment problem is equivalent to solving a linear system of equations, andusually a matrix inversion is required. In general, as consequence of global degrees of freedom or poorlyconstrained modes, the alignment matrix is singular or near-singular.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures 8
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 5 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences
Put forward by
Diplom-Physiker Florin MACIUC
Born in: Craiova, Romania
Oral examination: 20.04.2009Software Alignment
of the LHCb Inner Tracker Sensors
Referees: Prof. Dr. Werner Hofmann
Prof. Dr. Stephanie Hansmann-MenzemerThis thesis is dedicated to my wonderful parents and my entire family.Abstract
2This work uses the Millepede linear alignment method, which is essentially a minimization algo-
rithm, to determine simultaneously between 76 and 476 alignment parameters and several million track
parameters. For the case of non-linear alignment models, Millepede is embedded in a Newton-Raphson
iterative procedure. If needed a more robust approach is provided by adding quasi-Newton steps which
2minimize the approximate model function. The alignment apparatus is applied to locally align the
LHCb’s Inner Tracker sensors in an a priori xed system of coordinate. An analytic measurement model
was derived as function of track parameters and alignment parameters, for the two cases: null and non-
null magnetic eld. The alignment problem is equivalent to solving a linear system of equations, and
usually a matrix inversion is required. In general, as consequence of global degrees of freedom or poorly
constrained modes, the alignment matrix is singular or near-singular. The global degrees of freedom
2are obtained: directly from function invariant transformations, and in parallel by an alignment ma-
trix diagonalization followed by an extraction of the least constrained modes. The procedure allows to
properly de ne the local alignment of the Inner Tracker. Using Monte Carlo data, the outlined procedure
reconstructs the position of the IT sensors within micrometer precision or better. For rotations equivalent
precision was obtained.
Die Zusammenfassung
2Diese Arbeit verwendet die lineare Millepede-Alignierungsmethode, die im Wesentlichen ein Min-
imierung Algorithmus ist, um gleichzeitig zwischen 76 und 476 Parameter und mehrere Millionen Spur-
parameter zu bestimmen. Fur¤ den Fall der nicht-linearen Alignierungsmodelle ist Millepede eingefugt¤ in
eine iterative Newton-Raphson-Methode. Falls erforderlich wird alternativ eine robustere Methode ver-
wendet, die zusatzliche¤ quasi-Newton-schnitte hinzufugt.¤ Der Alignierungsprozedur wird fur¤ die lokale
Alignierung von LHCb Inner Tracker Sensoren in einem a priori festgelegten Koordinatensystem ver-
wendet. Ein analytischea Mess-Modell wurde abgeleitet als Funktion von Spur- und Alignierungsparam-
eter fur¤ beide Falle:¤ mit und ohne Magnetfeld. Die Alignierungsprobleme sind aqui¤ valent zur Losung¤
eines Systems von linearen Gleichungen, was normalerweise eine Matrixinversion erfordert. Im all-
gemeinen, als Folge der globalen Freiheitsgrade oder schlecht festgelegter Freiheitsgrade, ist die Alig-
nierungsmatrix singular¤ oder fast singular¤ . Die globalen Freiheitsgrade werden direkt von invarianten
2Transformationen der -Funktion und simultan durch eine Diagonalisierung der Alignierungsmatrix,
gefolgt von einer Extraktion der am wenigsten eingeschrankt¤ Modi, bestimmt. Diese Methode erlaubt
eine richtige De nition der lokalen Alignierung fur¤ den Inner Tracker. Die beschriebene
fur¤ Monte-Carlo Daten die Bestimmung der Position der IT-Sensoren mit Mikrometer-Genauigkeit oder
besser. Fur¤ Drehungen werden ahnliche¤ Genauigkeiten erreicht.
Aut inveniam viam aut faciam
Hannibal BarcaContents
Acknowledgments xv
1 B-physics, CP violation and LHCb 1
1.1 Introduction to the Standard Model of Elementary Particles, Symmetries . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Standard Model of Particle Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Cosmological Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Standard Model of particles and CP violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Quark mixing in weak interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 B meson mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 CP Violation in the B sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 CP and LHCb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Conclusion to CP analysis at LHCb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 LHCb Detector 11
2.1 CERN’s Large Hadron Collider accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 LHCb a Single Arm spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 The Vertex Locator VELO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 RICH 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3 Outer Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.4 ECAL, HCAL, Muon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Inner Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 LHCb Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
i3 Mathematical algorithms and Tools 23
3.1 Method of Least Square for a linear function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Millepede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.1 Lagrange multiplier method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.2 Example of a Millepede Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 Nonlinear problems and an enlarged Millepede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.1 Quality cuts and removal of outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3.2 Adaptive step size, Quasi-Newton step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 Alignment Models and Tools 35
4.1 Simple alignment model for a toy Monte Carlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Finding a Model in the Absence of the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3 Model for a Case with Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3.1 The Model Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.4 Alignment Model versus Measurement Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.4.1 Tracks, clusters, measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.4.2 Geometry Database, Measurement Values and Misaligned Geometries . . . . . . 47
4.4.3 Transformation from Detector Local misalignments to Global LHCb misalign-
ments values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5 Formulae B-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.6 Formulae, B-on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5 Alignment Results in the Absence of the Magnetic Field 54
5.1 A Priori Constraints for Magnet off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.2 Monte Carlo Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.1 IT quadrants, Stacks of 12 Active Layers, Track Quality Requirements . . . . . . 55
25.2.2 -cut, a Method of Track Quality Control and Quasi-Newton Step . . . . . . . 56
5.2.3 Particle Gun Data, 100 GeV Muons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2.4 Two Extra Degrees of Freedom and Quasi-Newton Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2.5 Minimum Bias 10 TeV Collisions with Open VELO, Nominal Geometry in Re-
construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ii5.2.6 Alignment for Minimum Bias Events at 7+7 TeV or 450+450 GeV Collisions,
Open or Close VELO, B-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.7 Layer Alignment, Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3 Ladder Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.1 Particle Gun Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.2 14 TeV, Closed-VELO, Data Sample, 21k Minimum Bias events . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.3 10 TeV, Open-VELO, Data Sample 3074 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Alignment Matrix, Global Modes, Weak Modes, and Distortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4.1 Layer’s Alignment and the Global Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4.2 Weak Modes in Layer Alignment and the Minimally Constrained Setting . . . . 87
5.4.3 Weak Modes and Alignment Matrix for an Alignment with 5 Degrees of Freedom
per Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6 Alignment Results in the presence of Magnetic Field 96
6.1 Alignment with full samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.1.1 A priori Constrains, globals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.1.2 Layer Alignment for the Most Sensitive Alignment Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.1.3 Alignment of all 5 alignment parameters for e

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