Spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic risk factors of malaria in children from the Ashanti Region, Ghana [Elektronische Ressource] / Anne Caroline Krefis

Caroline Lockhart

Sujets

• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: heinrich-heine-universitat_dusseldorf
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 46
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Aus dem Leibniz-Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung an
der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Direktor Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Jean Krutmann





„Spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic risk
factors of malaria in children from the Ashanti
Region, Ghana“




Dissertation




zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der
Gesundheitswissenschaften und Sozialmedizin

Der Medizinischen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf


vorgelegt von


Anne Caroline Krefis





2011 Als Inauguraldissertation gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät der
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf


gez.: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Joachim Windolf
Dekan
Referent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ranft
Korreferent: apl. Prof. Dr. Richter
_ Contents
_ C ont en ts
Contents

Contents..........................................................................................................I
List of Publications...............................................................................................II
List of Figures........................................................................................................III
Abbreviations........................................................................................................IV


Chapter 1 Introduction and background.................................................... 1
1.1 Malaria – a review................................................................................. 2
1.2 The Parasite ......................................................................................... 4
1.3 The mosquito vector ............................................................................. 6
1.4 The human host.................................................................................... 7
1.5 Objectives............................................................................................. 8
1.6 Methods................................................................................................ 8
1.6.1 Study area...................................................................................... 8
1.6.2 Malaria cases and malaria incidence in children.......................... 10
1.6.3 Data collection and analysis on personal or
family characteristics..................................................................... 11
1.6.4 Precipitation data and time series analysis .................................. 12
1.6.5 Analysis of remote sensing data .................................................. 13
Chapter 2 Principal component analysis of socioeconomic factors
and their association with malaria in children from the
Ashanti Region, Ghana ............................................................ 15
Chapter 3 Modeling the Relationship between Precipitation and
Malaria Incidence in Children from a
Holoendemic area in Ghana .................................................... 36
Chapter 4 Spatial analysis of land cover determinants of
malaria incidence in the Ashanti Region, Ghana................... 57
Chapter 5 Results and Discussion ........................................................... 90
5.1 Main findings ...................................................................................... 91
5.2 Methodological considerations and limitations.................................... 91
5.3 Conclusions and recommendations 93
Chapter 6 Summary ................................................................................. 105
Chapter 7 Zusammenfassung................................................................. 108
Appendices............................................................................................... 111
Eidesstattliche Erklärung ........................................................................ 117
Danksagung.............................................................................................. 118
Curriculum vitae....................................................................................... 119
Abstract .................................................................................................120





- I - __ List of Publications
__ Li st of Pu bli cat io ns
List of Publications

I. Krefis AC, Schwarz NG, Nkrumah B, Acquah S, Loag W, Sarpong N, Adu-
Sarkodie Y, Ranft U, May J. Principal component analysis of socioeconomic
factors and their association with malaria in children from the Ashanti Region,
Ghana. Malaria Journal 2010, 9:201.
II. Krefis AC, Schwarz NG, Krüger A, Fobil J, Nkrumah B, Acquah S, Loag W,
Sarpong N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Ranft U, May J. Modeling the Relationship bet-
ween Precipitation and Malaria Incidence in Children from a Holoendemic
Area in Ghana. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 2011,
Feb;84(2):285-291.
III. Krefis AC, Schwarz NG, Nkrumah B, Acquah S, Loag W, Oldeland J, Sar-
pong N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Ranft U, May J. Spatial analysis of land cover de-
terminants of malaria incidence in the Ashanti Region, Ghana. PLoS ONE
2011, 6(3):e17905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017905.






















- II - _ List of Figures
_ Li st of Fi gur es
List of Figures

Figure 1 Global distribution of malaria 2009…………………………………….….3
Figure 2 Life cycle of malaria parasite…………………...........……5
Figure 3 Study area..............................................................................................10


























- III - _ Abbreviations
_ Ab br evi ati on s
Abbreviations

ACT Artemisinin-based combination therapy
APT Agogo Presbyterian Hospital
CI Confidence interval
DALYs Disability-adjusted life years
EIR Entomological inoculation rate
ENVI Environment for Visualizing Images
ESRI Environmental System Research Institute
GIS Geographic information system
GPS Global Positioning System
IPT Intermittent preventive treatment
IRS Indoor residual spraying
ITN Insecticide-treated net
KCCR Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research
in Tropical Medicine
LLIN Long-lasting insecticidal net
MDG Millennium Development Goals
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme
OPD Outpatient department
OR Odds ratio
PCA Principal component analysis
RBM Roll Back Malaria
RDT Rapid diagnostic test
RR Relative risk
RS Remote sensing
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency
Fund
WHO World Health Organization

- IV - Chapter 1 Introduction and background
Chap ter 1 I ntr o du cti on and background
Chapter 1


Introduction and background


























- 1 - Chapter 1 Introduction and background
1.1 Malaria – a review
Malaria is the most common vector-borne infectious disease with nearly 250 million
estimated clinical cases in 2008 worldwide and approximately one million deaths
each year. With a vast majority of cases (85%) Sub-Saharan Africa carries most of
the burden. In regions of stable transmission children <5 years of age are at highest
risk of becoming infected with malaria. Malaria is caused by an infection with the
protozoan Plasmodium falciparum transmitted from person to person through the bite
of female Anopheles mosquitoes [1,2].
Malaria has been described since antiquity where Hippocrates is usually cred-
ited with the first clear description of the disease. In the early nineteenth century, an
era where miasmatic influences were believed to cause a variety of diseases, Italian
scientists hypoth