Stereom differentiation in sea urchin spines under special consideration as a model for a new impact protective system [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Jan Nils Großmann

Nils Großmann

Sujets

• Naturwissenschaften

Informations

• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 6
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

Stereom differentiation in sea urchin spines
under special consideration as a model for a
new impact protective system








Dissertation

zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften







der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen














vorgelegt von
Jan Nils Großmann
aus Frankfurt/Main

2010
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.09.2010

Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Grathwohl

1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. James H. Nebelsick

2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Oliver Betz
    
Table of contents
Overview: Aim of the project .................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1: The world of echinoderms ....................................................................................... 4
Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Introduction & general features ......................................................................................... 4
2. General development of echinoderms ............................................................................... 5
3. Defence strategy of echinoderms 6
4. General morphology & body plan of sea urchins .............................................................. 6
5. General features of spines .................................................................................................. 9
6. General regeneration possibilities and growth of spines and plates ................................ 11
7. References ........................................................................................................................ 13

Chapter 2: Morphological differentiations in sea urchin spines ............................................. 19
Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 19
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.1 Bionically inspired material based on the echinoderm skeleton ........................... 19
1.2 Sea urchins skeletal morphology ........................................................................... 20
1.2.1 Stereom in spines .................................................................................... 22
1.2.2 Morphology of the spine ......................................................................... 23
2. Materials & Methods ....................................................................................................... 24
2.1 Aquaria & technical equipment ............................................................................. 24
2.2 Sample preparation ................................................................................................ 27
2.3 SEM ....................................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Critical point drying .............................................................................................. 28
2.5 Measurement of the stereom morphology ............................................................. 28
3. Results ............................................................................................................................. 31
3.1 Cidaroid spines: Surface morphology ................................................................... 32
3.1.1 Plococidaris verticillata ......................................................................... 33
3.1.2 Plococidaris verticillata: Medulla .......................................................... 35
3.1.3 Plococidaris verticillata: Radiating layer ............................................... 38
3.2 Phyllacanthus imperialis ....................................................................................... 40
3.2.1: Oral spines .................................................... 40
3.2.2: Medulla ......................................................... 42
3.2.3 Phyllacanthus imperialis: Radiating layer .............................................. 45 3.2.4 Phyllacanthus imperialis spines (aboral): Medulla ................................ 48
3.2.5spines (aboral): Radiating Layer .................... 51
3.3 Eucidaris metularia ............................................................................................... 53
3.3.1 Eucidaris metularia: Medulla ................................................................. 54
3.3.2 Eucidaria: Radiating layer ...................................................... 57
3.4 Prionocidaris baculosa ......................................................................................... 59
3.4.1 Prionocidaris baculosa: Medulla ........................................................... 60
3.4.2 Prionocidaris baculosa: Radiating layer ................................................ 63
3.5 Spines of Echinoida: Surface morphology ............................................................ 66
3.5.1 Heterocentrotus mammillatus ................................................................. 66
3.5.2 Heterocentrot: Juvenile spine ........................................ 67
3.5.3 Heterocentrotus mammillatus spines (juvenile): Medulla ...................... 69
3.5.4 Heterocentrotspines (juvenile): Radiating Layer ......... 72
3.5.5 Heterocentrotus mammillatus spines (fully grown): Medulla ................ 75
3.5.6 Heterocentrotus mammillatus spines (fully grown): Radiating layer ..... 78
3.6 Stereom types and morphology ............................................................................. 81
3.7 Critical point drying .............................................................................................. 82
4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 85
5. Conclusion ....... 87
6. References ........................................................................................................................ 88
7. Supplement ...... 95
7.1 Aquaria assemblage ............................................................................................... 95
7.2 Scanning electron microscopy images .................................................................. 97

Chapter 3: Computer tomography of sea urchin spines ........................................................ 103
Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 103
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 103
2. Materials & Methods ..................................................................................................... 105
2.1 Materials .............................................................................................................. 105
2.1.1 X-ray Computer Tomography .............................................................. 105
2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................... 105
3. Results ........................................................................................................................... 106
3.1 Heterocentrotus mammillatus .............................................................................. 106
3.1.1 Heterocentrotus mammillatus: Aboral spines ....................................... 106
3.1.2 Heterocentrot: Oral spines ........................................... 110 3.2 Phyllacanthus imperialis ...................................................................................... 111
3.2.1 : Aboral spines ............................................... 111
3.2.2 Phyllacanthus imperialis: Oral spines ................................................... 112
3.3 Prionocidaris baculosa ........................................................................................ 114
4. Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 116
5. Conclusion ..... 118
6. References....................................................................................................................... 119

Chapter 4: 3-point-bending-tests of sea urchin spines .......................................................... 124
Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 124
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 124
2. Materials & Methods ................................