Structure and properties of carbon nanotubes [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Jannik Meyer

Sujets

• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 16 Mo

Extrait

Structure and Properties
of Carbon Nanotubes
DISSERTATION
zur Erlangung eines Grades eines Doktors
der Naturwissenschaften
der Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik
der Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen
vorgelegt von
Jannik Meyer
aus Herdecke
20062
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 3. Februar 2006
Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Schmid
1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dieter Kern
2. Prof. Dr. Oliver Eibl
3. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Angus I. Kirkland, University of Oxford, UKList of publications
Parts of this work were published in:
Single-Molecule Torsional Pendulum
J. C. Meyer, M. Paillet, S. Roth
Science 309 pp. 1539-1541, (2005)
Raman modes of index-identified free-standing single-walled carbon nanotubes
J. C. Meyer, M. Paillet, T. Michel, A. Moreac, A. Neumann, G. S. Duesberg, S.
Roth, J.-L. Sauvajol
Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 217401 (2005)
Electron diffraction analysis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes
J. C. Meyer, M. Paillet, G. S. Duesberg, S. Roth
Ultramicroscopy 106 pp. 176-190 (2006)
Transmission electron microscopy and transistor characteristics of the same car-
bon nanotube
J. C. Meyer, D. Obergfell, S. Roth, S. Yang, S. Yang
Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 pp. 2911-2913 (2004)
Novel freestanding nanotube devices for combining TEM and electron diffraction
with Raman and Transport
J. C. Meyer, M. Paillet, J.-L. Sauvajol, D. Obergfell, A. Neumann, G. S. Duesberg,
S. Roth
In: H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth (eds.): Electronic Properties of
Novel Materials, American Institute of Physics, New York, USA 2005. (AIP Con-
ference Proceedings No. 768, pp. 512-515)
Freestanding Nanostructures for TEM-Combined Investigations of Nanotubes
J. C. Meyer, D. Obergfell, M. Paillet, G. S. Duesberg, S. Roth
In H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth (eds.): Electronic Properties of
Synthetic Nanostructures, American Institute of Physics, New York, USA 2004.
(AIP Conference Proceedings No. 723, pp. 540-543)
34
Publications related to this work:
Growth and physical properties of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes
M. Paillet, V. Jourdain, P. Poncharal, J.-L. Sauvajol, A. Zahab, J. C. Meyer, S.
Roth, N. Cordente, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret
Diamond and Related Materials 14 pp. 1426-1431 (2005)
Selective growth of large chiral angle single-walled carbon nanotubes
M. Paillet, J. C. Meyer, T. Michel, V. Jourdain, P. Poncharal, J.-L. Sauvajol, N.
Cordente, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, S. Roth, A. Zahab
Diamond and Related Materials, in press (2006).
Vanishing of the Breit-Wigner-Fano Component in Individual Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes
M. Paillet, P. Poncharal, A. Zahab, J.-L. Sauvajol, J. C. Meyer, S. Roth
Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 237401 (2005)
Versatile synthesis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes from nickel
nanoparticles for the study of their physical propertes
M. Paillet, V. Jourdain, P. Poncharal, J.-L. Sauvajol, A. Zahab, J. C. Meyer, S.
Roth, N. Cordente, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret
J. Phys. Chem. B 108 pp. 17112-17118 (2004)
Progress in actuators from individual nanotubes
J. Meyer, J.-M. Benoit, V. Krstic, S. Roth
In: H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth (eds.): Molecular Nanostructures,
American Institute of Physics, New York, USA 2003. (AIP Conference Proceed-
ings No. 685, pp. 564-568)
Transport and TEM on the same individual carbon nanotubes and peapods
D. Obergfell, J. C. Meyer, A. Khlobystov, S. Yang, S. Yang, S. Roth
In: H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth (eds.): Electronic Properties of
Novel Materials, American Institute of Physics, New York, USA 2005. (AIP Con-
ference Proceedings No. 768, pp. 548-552)
Electrical Transport in Dy Metallofullerene Peapods
D. Obergfell, J. C. Meyer, P.-W. Chiu, S. Yang, S. Yang, S. Roth
In H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth (eds.): Electronic Properties of
Synthetic Nanostructures, American Institute of Physics, New York, USA 2004.
(AIP Conference Proceedings No. 723, pp. 556-560)5
Other publications:
Nanotomography based on hard x-ray microscopy with refractive lenses
C. G. Schroer, J. Meyer, M. Kuhlmann, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, B. Lengeler
Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 pp. 1527-1529 (2002)
Parabolic refractive X-ray lenses
B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, B. Benner, A. Gerhardus, T. F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann,
J. Meyer, C. Zimprich
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 9 pp. 119-124 (2002)6Contents
List of publications 3
1 Introduction 11
2 Carbon nanotubes - Structure and properties 13
2.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Electronic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1.1 One-dimensional systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1.2 Charge transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 Electronic structure of the carbon nanotube . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.3 Transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.4 Schottky barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Vibrational properties and Raman spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 Sample preparation 27
3.1 Principle of sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1 Underetching sideways from the cleaved edge . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Isotropic underetching near the corner . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Experimental details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.1 Nanotube growth and deposition on substrates . . . . . . 29
3.2.2 Lithography on the edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.3 Etching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.4 TEM samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 Transmission electron microscopy 37
4.1 The transmission electron microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Interaction of the wave with the specimen . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.1 The Born approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 Projected potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3 Path summation approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.4 Object transfer function in the phase object approximation 46
4.2.5 Scattering potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.6 Projected atomic potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
78 CONTENTS
4.3 Image formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.1 Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.2 Microscope specific transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Diffraction analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4.1 Qualitative description of the diffraction pattern . . . . . . 57
4.4.2 Experimental procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4.3 Discussion of experimental parameters . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4.4 Index assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.4.5 Discussion of the index distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4.6 Accuracy of the simulation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4.7 Convergent-beam electron diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.8 Diffraction on MWNTs and peapods . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 Raman spectroscopy 75
5.1 Experimental procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.1 RBM range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.2 TM range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3.3 Transition energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Transport measurements 89
6.1 TEM and transport in a transistor configuration . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.1.1 Experimental procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.1.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.1.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.2 Diffraction and transport in free-standing tubes . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.2.1 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2.2 Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.2.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.2.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.3 In-situ transport experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.3.1 Experimental set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.3.2 Sample description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.3.3 Transport behaviour before electron irradiation . . . . . . 106
6.3.4 T behaviour with . . . . . . . 109
6.3.5 Observation of nanotube breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.3.5.1 Sample 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.3.5.2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.3.6 Switching effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120CONTENTS 9
7 Nanoelectromechanical devices 121
7.1 MWNT based devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.1.1 Sample preparation . . .