Studies on bioplastic for developing and evaluating of drip irrigation [Elektronische Ressource] / by Harby M. S. Mostafa

Mostafa Chakib, Harby

Informations

• Publié par: justus-liebig-universitat_giessen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 9
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR RURAL AREAS, FORESTRY AND
FISHERIES (vTI)

Institute of Agricultural Technology and Biosystems Engineering




IN COOPERATION WITH




JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY GIESSEN
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Professorship of Agronomy,
GERMANY



Studies on Bioplastic for Developing and Evaluating
of Drip Irrigation


DISSERTATION
Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (Dr. agr.)
by


HARBY M. S. MOSTAFA

EGYPT


Advisor: Prof. Dr. FRANZ-JOSEF BOCKISCH
CO-Advisor: Prof. Dr. BERND HONERMEIER
Germany
2010




































Thesis disputation date: 01.10.2010


Examining commission

Chairman/person:
Prof. Dr. Adalbert Evers
Supervisor:
1. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Bockisch
2. Co-Advisors: Prof. Dr. Bernd Honermeier
Examiners:
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gäth
PD Dr. Rolf Alexander Düring

Preface
The requirements in agricultural production, the environmental protection and the
water resources optimization have made farmers modernize irrigation systems. One
aspect of these modernizations is the installation of drip irrigation systems. However,
the new environmental regulations and growing environmental awareness throughout
the world have triggered the search for new products and processes that are compatible
with the environment. This study presents the results of a research project using the
low pressure drip system (LPS) for small areas and investigating the possibilities and
limitations in developing biodegradable materials for using as drip tapes. Since the
irrigation tapes /laterals are usually removed at the end of the crop season, especially
for the vegetables, it would be desirable to use biodegradable irrigation drip lines that
would allow roto-tilling or ploughing of these materials after the end of the cultivation
season, without the need to remove the tapes/ laterals.
For developing and managing micro irrigation systems, series of studies were done to
identify the properties of some bioplastic materials and the possibility to use them as
biodegradable drip tubes. Some bioplastic materials indicated good results where they
has the possibility to use for producing the biodegradable drip tubes instead of PE or
PVC that will not need to be collected and disposed of after use but will decompose in
the soil without any adverse environmental effect. This will eliminate the disposal
cost; will be environmentally friendly and possibly, at least partially, the materials
used may be based on renewable raw resources.
The author, who had a scholarship as a doctoral student at Federal Research Institute
for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries (vTI), Institute of Agricultural Technology and
Biosystems Engineering, Braunschweig, Germany [the old name: Federal Agricultural
Research Center (FAL), Institute of Production Engineering and Building Research],
made a contribution towards a more objective discussion about the use of
biodegradable drip tube and described future-oriented solution approaches.

Braunschweig, October 2010
Prof. Dr. agr. habil. Franz-Josef Bockisch Dr. rer. hort. Heinz Sourell
Contents i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... v
List of Figures .......................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ............................................ viii
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 PROBLEMS ............................................... 3
1.2 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................... 4
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS .................................................................... 5
2. DRIP IRRIGATION ...................................................................................... 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................... 7
2.1.1 Problems .............................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Objectives ................................... 8
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 9
2.2.1 Overview of Irrigation Methods .................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Drip Irrigation ........................................... 13
2.2.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of micro-irrigation ..................................... 13
2.2.2.1.1 Advantages .................................................................................................. 14
2.2.2.1.2 Disadvantages .................4
2.2.3 Affordable Drip Systems for Smallholder Farmers .................................... 15
2.2.4 Low Pressure Drip Irrigation ....................................................................... 16
2.2.4.1 Components of a typical LPS system .......................................................... 17
2.2.5 Evaluation Methods ..................................................................................... 20
2.2.6 Economic Analysis of Drip Irrigation ......................................................... 22
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCE DURE .............................................................. 24
2.3.1 Evaluation of the irrigation system ............................................................. 24
2.3.1.1 The evaluation method ................................................................................ 26
2.3.1.2 Evaluation parameters ................................... 27
2.3.1.2.1 Emission Uniformity (EU) .......................................................................... 27
2.3.1.2.2 Absolute Emission Uniformity (EUa) ......................................................... 27
2.3.1.2.3 Flow Variation Coefficient (CV ) ............................................................... 28 q
ii Contents
2.3.2 Measurement of the Consumptive Working Time ..................................... 28
2.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................ 31
2.4.1 Uniformity of Drip System ........................................................................ 31
2.4.1.1 Performance uniformity of the unused laterals (New) ............................... 31
2.4.1.2 Performance uniformity of the used laterals .............................................. 32
2.4.1.2.1 Uniformity of discharge rate ...................................................................... 32
2.4.1.2.2 Distribution uniformity ........................... 33
2.4.1.3 Flow Variation Coefficient (CV ) .............................................................. 34 q
2.4.2 Consumptive Working Time ...................................................................... 35
2.4.3 Cost Estimation of Drip Lines Repairing and Removing .......................... 37
2.5 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 38
3. BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC ............ 41
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 Problems ........................................................................... 42
3.1.2 Objectives .......................................................................... 43
3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Background Information on Petroplastics and Biodegradable Plastics ..... 44
3.2.2 Bioplastics .................................................................................................. 45
3.2.2.1 Advantages of Bioplastics ................................................ 46
3.2.3 Biodegradable Polymers Classification ..................................................... 47
3.2.4 Bioplastic Raw Materials ........................................................................... 48
3.2.5.1 Starch .......................................................................................................... 48
3.2.5.2 Cellulose ............................. 49
3.2.5.3 Sugar ........................................................................................................... 50
3.2.5 Biodegradability of Bioplastics ......................... 50
3.2.6 Methods of Biodegradation ..