Technological fundamentals of briquetting cotton stalks as a biofuel [Elektronische Ressource] : renewable energy in agriculture in Egypt / von Ehab el-Saeidy

M.Sc. Ehab El Saeidy

Informations

• Publié par: humboldt-universitat_zu_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 35
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Renewable Energy in Agriculture in Egypt
Technological Fundamentals of
Briquetting Cotton Stalks as a Biofuel

Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum agriculturarum
(Dr. rer. agr.)
eingereicht an der
Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
von
M.Sc. Ehab El Saeidy
Geboren am 10.08.1967 in El Menoufiya, Ägypten
Präsident der
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mlynek
Dekan der
Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
Prof. Dr. Uwe Jens Nagel
Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hahn
2. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Nendel
3. Dr.-Ing. Volkhard Scholz
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung : 09.07 2004 Acknowledgements

I am deeply grateful and indebted to Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hahn, Professor of Agricultural
Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany,
for his kind academic supervision, valuable advice and suggestions contributing to the success
of this work.

My sincere thanks, full respect and deep gratitude go to Dr.-Ing. Volkhard Scholz, responsible
for New and Renewable Energy at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering (ATB), Bornim,
Germany, for his patient supervision, inspiring guidance, critical comments, suggestions, and
the never-ending support he displayed throughout this study. Additionally, I wish not only to
acknowledge his outstanding academic supervision, but also to express my grateful
appreciation of his contributions and his support in various private matters during my stay in
Germany.

Many deep thanks are due to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Nendel and Dr.-Ing. Brit Clauß of the
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Plastic Technology, Technological University
Chemnitz, for their valuable academic advice and support.

My deepest thanks and appreciation also go to the energy team in the Department of Post-
Harvest Technology at the ATB for their tremendous assistance and efforts, especially to
Dipl.- Ing. (FH) Peter Kaulfuß, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ralf Zitzmann and Mr. Erhard Brand.

This work has been successfully completed thanks to the family-like and friendly atmosphere
created by all the members of the ATB. In this connection my gratitude extends especially to
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Zaske, Director of the Institute, Prof. Dr. habil Christian Fürll, Head of
the Department of Post-Harvest Technology, Dr. Philip Grundmann, Doctor of Agricultural
Economics, and Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Schwarz, computer administrator in the Department of
Post-Harvest Technology at ATB for their fruitful cooperation.

I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Gamal Abo El Ghar, Department of Insects, Faculty of
Agriculture, El Menoufiya University, Egypt, for his academic suggestions and support.

My sincere thanks, and deep gratitude are due to Mrs. Renate Lauterborn, Diabetics Adviser,
Charité Hospital Berlin (Campus Virchow-Klinikum) for her continuous help and strong and
never-ending support through and after the illness of my daughter.

My sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. Dr. Nagiba El Ghamrawy, Ex-Culture Consul and
Prof. Dr. Alya Khattab, Culture Consul of the Egyptian Embassy in Germany, for their
encouragement and support throughout my studies in Germany. Thanks are also extended to
all the Egyptian and German members of the Culture Department and students mission of the
Egyptian Embassy in Germany for their friendly cooperation and support.

Last but not the least, I would like to express my deep thanks and appreciation to my great
parents, my dear wife and my lovely daughters Radwa and Rowaida, the source of my
happiness, encouragement and motivation. I therefore, dedicate this thesis to them.


Ehab Abd El Aziz El Seaidy
Table of contents
1 Problem and objective.............................................................................................1-7
2 Review of literature .................................................................................................2-10
2.1 Definitions, benefits and problems...................................................................2-10
2.1.1 Biomass................................................................................................2-10
2.1.2 Solid crop residues...............................................................................2-12
2.1.3 Cotton stalks.........................................................................................2-13
2.2 Phytosanitary issues concerning the use of cotton stalks.................................2-14
2.2.1 Pink bollworm......................................................................................2-14
2.2.2 Damage by the pink bollworm .............................................................2-16
2.2.3 Extermination of the cotton bollworm .................................................2-18
2.3 Technologies of cotton stalk processing ..........................................................2-19
2.3.1 Traditional lines in Egypt.....................................................................2-19
2.3.2 Present lines in other countries2-21
2.4 Briquetting........................................................................................................2-22
2.4.1 Principles and technologies..................................................................2-22
2.4.2 Calculation models...............................................................................2-27
3 Potential of energetically usable farm residues in Egypt .....................................3-29
3.1 Quantity of energetically usable farm residues ................................................3-29
3.2 Quality of energetically usable farm residues ..................................................3-30
4 Energy consumption in Egypt ................................................................................4-32
4.1 National energy consumption...........................................................................4-32
4.2 Energy consumption in rural areas...................................................................4-35
5 Materials and methods ............................................................................................5-37
5.1 Experimental programme.................................................................................5-37
5.2 Materials...........................................................................................................5-40
5.2.1 Poplar....................................................................................................5-42
5.2.2 Hemp....................................................................................................5-43
5.2.3 Straw.....................................................................................................5-44
5.2.4 Cotton stalks.........................................................................................5-45
5.3 Processing.........................................................................................................5-46
5.3.1 Chopping..............................................................................................5-46
5.3.2 Moisture adjustment.............................................................................5-48
5.4 Press experiments.............................................................................................5-49
5.5 Briquette measurements...................................................................................5-52
5.5.1 Briquette density ( ρ)5-52
5.5.2 Radial compressive strength (p ).........................................................5-52 R
5.5.3 Briquette durability...............................................................................5-54
5.6 Temperature measurements and experiments ..................................................5-55
5.7 Combustion experiments..................................................................................5-56
6 Experimental results................................................................................................6-58
6.1 Laboratory press results....................................................................................6-58
6.1.1 Poplar....................................................................................................6-58
6.1.2 Hemp....................................................................................................6-59
6.1.3 Straw.....................................................................................................6-61
6.1.4 Cotton stalks.........................................................................................6-62
6.2 Commercial press results..................................................................................6-63
6.3 Correlation of stability and density of briquettes .............................................6-65
6.4 Briquette durability...........................................................................................6-67
6.5 Moisture content of cotton stalks on the field ..................................................6-67
6.6 Temperature behaviour of cotton bollworms ...................................................6-69
6.7 Temperature behaviour