The anatomy and function of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Christina Carla Annette von Scheven

Christina Von Scheven

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 60
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

Extrait

Aus dem
Veterinärwissenschaftlichen Department
der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie
Vorstand: Prof. Dr. Dr. Fred Sinowatz
Arbeit angefertigt unter der Leitung von Dr. Renate Weller, PhD, MRCVS






The Anatomy and Function
of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle






Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde
der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München


Vorgelegt von
Christina Carla Annette von Scheven
aus
Düsseldorf


München 2010

2
Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München









Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Joachim Braun

Berichterstatter: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Johann Maierl

Korreferentin: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Bettina Wollanke





Tag der Promotion: 24. Juli 2010


3




















Für meine Familie 4

Table of Contents

I.  Introduction................................................................................................................ 8 
II.  Literature review...................................................................................................... 10 
II.1  Macroscopic anatomy ............................................................................................. 10 
II.1.1  Comparative evolution of the body axis ............................................................ 10 
II.1.2  Axis of the equine body ..................................................................................... 12 
II.1.2.1  Vertebral column of the horse..................................................................... 12 
II.1.2.2  Axial musculature ....................................................................................... 16 
II.1.2.3  Spinal ligaments.......................................................................................... 17 
II.1.2.4  Function of the body axis of the horse........................................................ 18 
II.2  Microscopic anatomy .............................................................................................. 28 
II.2.1  Skeletal muscle morphology .............................................................................. 29 
II.2.1.1  The Sarcomere ............................................................................................ 29 
II.2.1.2  Neuromuscular control................................................................................ 30 
II.2.2  Structural arrangement of skeletal muscle ......................................................... 31 
II.2.2.1  Muscle architecture..................................................................................... 32 
II.2.2.2  Muscle architectural parameter................................................................... 33 
II.3  Muscle function and mechanics .............................................................................. 36 
II.3.1  Types of muscle contraction 36 
II.3.2  Force-length relationship.................................................................................... 36 
II.3.3  Force-velocity relationship................................................................................. 37 
II.4  Pathological changes of the equine back................................................................. 37 
II.4.1  Aetiopathogenesis and clinical signs.................................................................. 38 
II.4.2  Diagnostic methods ............................................................................................ 42 
II.4.2.1  Clinical examination ................................................................................... 42 
II.4.2.2  Diagnostic imaging ..................................................................................... 43 
III.  Own investigations: Novel insights into the anatomy and function of the equine
thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle................................................................................ 47 
III.1  Gross anatomy of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle................ 47 
III.1.1  Introduction ........................................................................................................ 47 
III.1.2  Material and Methods......................................................................................... 48 
III.1.2.1  Subjects....................................................................................................... 48 
III.1.2.2  Experimental protocol................................................................................. 48 
III.1.2.3  Statistical analysis....................................................................................... 51 
III.1.3  Results ................................................................................................................ 51 
III.1.3.1  Descriptive Anatomy .................................................................................. 51  5
III.1.3.2  Architectural measurements........................................................................ 59 
III.1.4  Discussion and Conclusion ................................................................................ 76 
III.1.4.1  Structure and Function 76 
III.1.4.2  Conclusion .................................................................................................. 79 
III.2  Muscle activity of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle during
locomotion .............................................................................................................. 81 
III.2.1  Introduction ........................................................................................................ 81 
III.2.2  Material and Methods......................................................................................... 85 
III.2.2.1  Subjects....................................................................................................... 85 
III.2.2.2  Data collection ............................................................................................ 85 
III.2.2.3  Experimental protocol................................................................................. 88 
III.2.2.4  Data processing........................................................................................... 88 
III.2.2.5  Data analysis ............................................................................................... 90 
III.2.3  Results ................................................................................................................ 90 
III.2.3.1  Stride parameters ........................................................................................ 90 
III.2.3.2  EMG activity pattern................................................................................... 92 
III.2.3.3  Intensity of muscle activity......................................................................... 96 
III.2.4  Discussion and conclusion ................................................................................. 98 
III.2.4.1  Muscle activity of thoracolumbar LD during different conditions............. 98 
III.2.4.2  Muscle activity of LD between different muscle segments...................... 100 
III.2.4.3  Conclusion ................................................................................................ 101 
III.3  Ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle
............................................................................................................................... 102 
III.3.1  Introduction ...................................................................................................... 102 
III.3.2  Material and Methods....................................................................................... 105 
III.3.3  Results .............................................................................................................. 107 
III.3.4  Discussion and Conclusion .............................................................................. 124 
III.4  Quantitative Ultrasonography of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi
muscle: repeatability of muscle thickness and pennation angle measurements ... 128 
III.4.1  Introduction ...................................................................................................... 128 
III.4.2  Mater