The effect of rare earth elements on growth performance, tibia mineralization and blood serum of Japanese quails [Elektronische Ressource] / von Maryam Zohravi

Maryam Zohravi

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 28
• Langue: Deutsch

Extrait

Aus dem Institut für
Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät
der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München
Geschäftsführender Vorstand:
Prof. Dr. H.-J. Gabius


Arbeit angefertigt unter der Leitung von
Prof. Dr. W.A. Rambeck



The Effect of Rare Earth Elements on
Growth Performance, Tibia Mineralization and Blood Serum
of Japanese Quails



Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde
der tierärztlichen Fakultät
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München



von
Maryam Zohravi
aus
Iran



München 2006 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der
Ludwig-Maxximilians-Universität München










Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. E.P. Märtlbauer

Referent: Prof. Dr. Rambeck

Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Hoffmann








Tag der Promotion: 9. Februar 2007









For my Parents

i

Contents



List of Figures iv

List of Tables v
1. Introduction ......................................................................1
2. Literature review ..............................................................2
2.1. FEED ADDITIVES............................................................................................................. 2
2.1.1. Antimicrobial agents .............................................................................................................................2
2.1.2. Probiotics ..............................................................................................................................................6
2.1.3. Prebiotics........................10
2.1.4. Organic acids.......................................................................................................................................12
2.1.5. In feed enzymes ..................................................................................................................................14
2.1.6. Botanical feed additives ......................................................................................................................16
2.2. RARE EARTH ELEMENTS............................................................................................. 17
2.2.1. Definition.......................17
2.2.2. Distributions and abundance ...............................................................................................................19
2.2.3. Chemistry and biochemistry of Rare Earth Elements .........................................................................22
2.2.4. Rare Earth elements as growth promoters...........................................................................................32
2.2.5. Possible Mode of Action of Rare Earths.............................................................................................42
3. Material and methods ....................................................48
3.1. EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS............................................................................................ 48
3.2. REARING CONDITION ................................................................................................... 48
3.3. COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS ............................................................... 49
3.3.1. Experiment 1.......................................................................................................................................50
3.3.2. ent 251
3.3.3. Experiment 3....................52
ii
3.4. MEASURED PARAMETERS ............................................................................................ 52
3.4.1. Body weight and weight gain (gr).......................................................................................................52
3.4.2. Feed intake (gr) ...................................................................................................................................53
3.4.3. Feed conversion ratio ..........................................................................................................................53
3.4.4. Mortality .............................................................................................................................................53
3.4.5. Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium measurement..........................................................................54
3.4.6. Statistical model..................................................................................................................................58
4. Results ............................................................................59
4.1. EXPERIMENT 1 ............................................................................................................. 59
4.1.1. Body weight ........................................................................................................................................59
4.1.2. Mortality .............................................................................................................................................60
4.1.3. Weight gain.....................60
4.1.4. Feed consumption ...............................................................................................................................61
4.1.5. Feed conversion ratio ..........................................................................................................61
4.1.6. Tibia ash weight...................62
4.1.7. Calcium content of tibia ash................................................................................................................63
4.1.8. Phosphor content sh ..............................................................................................................65
4.1.9. Calcium to phosphor ratio...................................................................................................................66
4.1.10. Magnesium content of tibia ash......................................................................................................67
4.1.11. Calcium content of blood serum....69
4.1.12. Phosphor content of blood serum...................................................................................................70
4.1.13. Magnesium content of blood serum ...............................................................................................71
4.2. EXPERIMENT 2 ............................................................................................................. 72
4.2.1. Body weight ........................................................................................................................................72
4.2.2. Mortality .............................................................................................................................................74
4.2.3. Weight gain.....................74
4.2.4. Feed consumption ...............................................................................................................................75
4.2.5. Feed conversion ratio ..........................................................................................................................76
4.2.6. Tibia ash weight...................77
4.2.7. Calcium content of tibia ash................................................................................................................78
4.2.8. Phosphor content sh ..............................................................................................................80
4.2.9. Calcium to phosphor ratio of tibia ash ................................................................................................83
4.2.10. Magnesium content of tibia ash......................................................................................................84
4.2.11. Calcium content of blood serum....86
4.2.12. Phosphor content of blood serum...................................................................................................88
4.2.13. Magnesium content of blood serum ...............................................................................................89
iii
4.3. EXPERIMENT 3 ............................................................................................................. 90
4.3.1. Body weight ........................................................................................................................................90
4.3.2. Mortality .............................................................................................................................................91
4.3.3. Weight gain.....................92
4.3.4. Feed consumption ...............................................................................................................................93
4.3.5. Feed conversion ratio ..........................................................................................................94
4.3.6. Tibia ash weight...................95
4.3.7