The interplay of nanostructure and efficiency of polymer solar cells [Elektronische Ressource] / eingereicht von: Chunhong Yin
127 pages
English

The interplay of nanostructure and efficiency of polymer solar cells [Elektronische Ressource] / eingereicht von: Chunhong Yin

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127 pages
English
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Institut für Physik und Astronomie Physik weicher Materie The Interplay of Nanostructure and Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cells Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades "doctor rerum naturalium" (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin "Experimentalphysik" Eingereicht von: Chunhong Yin Betreuung: Prof. Dr. Dieter Neher Potsdam, den 04.12.2008 Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/2905/ urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29054 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29054] Abstract The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deep understanding of the working mechanism of polymer based solar cells and to improve the device performance.  Two types of the polymer based solar cells are studied here: the polymer-polymer solar cells, and the polymer-small molecule solar cell which has polymer as electron donor incorporating with organic small molecule as electron acceptor. For the polymer-polymer devices, I compared the photocurrent characteristics of bilayer and blend devices as well as the blend devices with different nano-morphology, which is fine tuned by applying solvents with different boiling points.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures 24
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 4 Mo

Extrait


Institut für Physik und Astronomie
Physik weicher Materie








The Interplay of Nanostructure and Efficiency of
Polymer Solar Cells








Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
"doctor rerum naturalium"
(Dr. rer. nat.)
in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin "Experimentalphysik"







Eingereicht von: Chunhong Yin

Betreuung: Prof. Dr. Dieter Neher






Potsdam, den 04.12.2008














































Published online at the
Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam:
http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/2905/
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29054
[http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29054] Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deep understanding of the working mechanism of
polymer based solar cells and to improve the device performance.  Two types of the polymer
based solar cells are studied here: the polymer-polymer solar cells, and the polymer-small
molecule solar cell which has polymer as electron donor incorporating with organic small
molecule as electron acceptor.
For the polymer-polymer devices, I compared the photocurrent characteristics of bilayer and
blend devices as well as the blend devices with different nano-morphology, which is fine
tuned by applying solvents with different boiling points. The main conclusion based on the
complementary measurements is that the performance-limiting step is the field-dependent
generation of free charge carriers, while bimolecular recombination and charge extraction do
not compromise device performance.
Regarding polymer-small molecular hybrid solar cells I combined the hole-transporting
polymer M3EH-PPV with a novel small molecule electron acceptor vinazene. This molecule
can be either deposited from solution or by thermal evaporation, allowing for a large variety
of layer architectures to be realized. I then demonstrated that the layer architecture has a large
influence on the photovoltaic properties. Solar cells with very high fill factors of up to 57 %
and an open circuit voltage of 1V without thermal treatment of the devices were achieved. In
the past, fill factors of solar cells exceeding 50 % have only been observed when using
fullerene-derivatives as the electron-acceptor. The finding that proper processing of polymer-
vinazene devices leads to similar high values is a major step towards the design of efficient
polymer-based solar cells.





Zusammenfassung
Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die grundlegende Arbeitsweise von polymerbasierten
Solarzellen zu verstehen und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit zu erhöhen. Zwei Arten von organischen
Solarzellen werden untersucht: Polymer-Polymer Solarzellen und Polymer-kleine Molekül
Solarzellen, bei denen das Polymer als Elektronendonator und das organische kleine Molekül
als Elektronenakzeptor fungiert.
Bei den Polymer-Polymer Solarzellen untersuchte ich sowohl die Photostromcharakteristik
von Zweischicht- und Mischsolarzellen als auch Mischsolarzellen mit unterschiedlicher
Nano-Morphologie, welche durch die Verwendung von Lösungsmitteln mit unterschiedlichen
Siedetemperaturen modifiziert wird. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung aus den vergleichenden
Messungen ist, dass der effizienzlimitierende Faktor die feldabhängige Generation freier
Ladungsträger ist, wohingegen bimolekulare Rekombination oder die Extraktion der
Ladungsträger die Leistungsfähigkeit von Polymer-Polymer- Solarzellen nicht beeinträchtigen.
Bezüglich der Polymer-kleine Molekül Hybridsolarzellen kombinierte ich das Loch-leitende
konjugierte Polymer M3EH-PPV mit einem neuartigen kleinen Vinazene-Molekül als
Elektronenakzeptor. Dieses Molekül bietet die Möglichkeit, entweder aus einer Lösung
heraus verarbeitet, oder im Hochvakuum verdampft zu werden, wodurch eine Vielzahl an
unterschiedlichen Probenstrukturen realisiert werden kann. Dadurch konnte ich zeigen, dass
die Struktur der aktiven Schicht einen großen Einfluss auf die photovoltaischen Eigenschaften
hat. Die Solarzellen erreichten einen Füllfaktor von bis zu 57 % und eine
Kurzschlussspannung von 1 V. In der Vergangenheit konnten Füllfaktoren über 50 % bei
organischen Solarzellen nur in Verbindung mit einem Fulleren-Akzeptor beobachtet werden.
Das Resultat, dass bei geeigneter Präparation der Polymer-Vinazene Schicht vergleichbare
Ergebnisse erzielt werden können, ist ein bedeutender Schritt hin zu effizienteren
Polymersolarzellen.
Contents


Chapter 1 Motivation & Outline ....................................................................... 1
1.1 Motivation ................................. 1
1.2 Outline ....... 5

Chapter 2 Introduction ...................................................................................... 7
2.1 Organic semiconductors ............ 7
2.2 Polymer photovoltaic fundamentals ........................ 10
2.2.1 Process of solar energy conversion to current .................................. 11
2.2.2 Characteristics of polymer photovoltaic cells .. 14
2.3 Factors limiting the efficiency of polymer solar cells ............................. 16
2.3.1 Geminate recombination - an analysis based on Onsager‘s and
Braun‘s theory .................................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Bimolecular recombination and space charge limited current ......... 22
2.3.3 Charge transport properties .............................................................. 23

Chapter 3 Sample preparation and characterization ................................... 26
3.1 Solar cell sample preparation .................................. 26
3.1.1 Cleaning and pre-treatment of ITO substrates . 26
3.1.2 Deposition of the active organic layer ............................................. 27
3.1.3 Top electrode evaporation ................................ 28
3.2 Photovoltaic Characterization ................................. 29
3.2.1 Spectral photocurrent measurement ................................................. 29
3.2.2 White light efficiency measurement ................ 30

Chapter 4 Charge carrier generation and electron blocking at interlayers in
polymer solar cells .......................................................................... 31
4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 31
4.2 Materials: PFB and F8BT ....... 31
4.3 Application of the interlayer concept to PV cells ................................... 32
4.4 Film surface potential studies by Kelvin probe ....... 34
4.5 Photovoltaic properties ............................................ 36
4.6 Conclusion ............................................................... 40





Chapter 5 Excited state and photovoltaic properties of PPV based polymer
solar cells ......................................................................................... 42
5.1 Introduction to PPV polymer based solar cells ....................................... 43
5.2 Materials: M3EH-PPV and CN-Ether-PPV ............ 44
5.3 Spectroscopy studies ............................................... 46
5.3.1 Theoretical background .................................... 46
5.3.2 Steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence studies ............. 48
5.4 Anticorrelation between exciplex emission and photovoltaic properties 53
5.4.1 Motivation ........................................................................................ 53
5.4.2 Polymer blend .................. 54
5.4.3 Bilayer .............................. 56
5.4.4 Effect of electric field and incident light intensity on the
photocurrent in blend devices .......................................................... 59
5.5 Conclusion ............................................................... 61

Chapter 6 Tuning of inter-chain interaction and solar cell performance ... 63
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 63
6.2 PL of polymer blend prepared from different solvents ........................... 64
6.3 Nanomorphology of polymer blend ........................ 68
6.3.1 Studies of excited state properties by means of time-resolved
photoluminescence ........................................................................... 68
6.3.2 Electric field induced photoluminescence quenching in polymer
blend ................................. 71
6.3.3 Atomic force microscopy ................................................................. 72
6.4 Photovoltaic properties ............ 74
6.4.1 PV performances of polymer blend solar cells prepared from
different solvents ..................................................................

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