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Publié par | ruprecht-karls-universitat_heidelberg |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2011 |
Nombre de lectures | 22 |
Langue | English |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 41 Mo |
Extrait
Towards a Functional Analysis o Hfuman
Carcinoma Disseminating Tumor Cel ls
PhD thesis in Cancer Biology
Presented to the Faculty of Natural Sciences,
Ruprecht ‐Karl University of Heidelberg, by
Irène Baccelli
Jury
Prof. Dr. Andreas Trumpp, thesis director , first advisor
Prof. Dr. Klaus Pantel, second advisor
Prof. Dr. Herbert Steinbeisser, chairman
Prof. Dr . Ingrid Grummt
HEIDELBERG 2011
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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................3
1. ABSTRACT........5
2. INTRODUCTION..............................9
2.1 CARCINOMA METASTASIS ................................ ..9
2.1.1 Metastasis: a multistep cascade................................ .......10
2.1.2 Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition ........................... 11
2.1.3 Microenvironment of metastases: towards a metastatic niche .......... 13
2.1.4 Metastasis regulatory elements ................................ ................................ ........ 19
2.2 THE M ETASTASISI NITIATINCG ELL HYPOTHESIS ..................... 24
2.2.1 Metastasis progression models................................ ......... 24
2.2.2 Stem cells and Cancer Stem Cells .....27
2.2.3 Metastasis Initiating Cells ................................ ................................ ................... 30
2.3 DISSEMINATING TUMOR CELLS................................ ..................... 33
2.3.1 Circulating Tumor Cells ........................ 33
2.3.2 Lymph Node Tumor Cells 36
2.3.3 Bone marrow Disseminated Tumor Cells................................ ................................ ..................... 37
2.3.4 Molecular characterization of Disseminating Tumor Cells .................. 39
2.3.5 Functional analysis of Disseminating Tumor Cells ................................ ..41
2.4 THE BONE MARROW NICHE ................................ ........................... 43
3. AIM OF THE THESIS....................................................47
4. RESULTS .........................................................................49
4.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NO VEL METASTATIC XENOGRAFT MODEL ........................... 49
4.1.1 Choiceo f a good “soil” and detectability of the “seeds” .......................... 49
4.1.2 A novel intrabone metastatic xenograft model ........ 50
4.1.3 Characterization of the metastatic xenograft model using MDA MB 231 cells.......... 51
4.1.4 Validation of the novel metastatic xenograft model using primary sample...............s 55
4.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BONE MARROW METAS TATIC NICHE ........................ 57
4.2.1 Localization of the bone mar row metastatic niche................................ ................................ .57
4.2.2 Bone marrow MetICs are usurping the Haematopoietic Stem Cell niche...................... 58
4.2.3 HSC in the bone marrow are impaired by highdose estrogen treatmen.....................t 60
4.2.4 Engraftment in the bone marrow metastatic niche is CXCR4dependent 63
4.2.5 Bone marrow Metastasis Initiating Cells and Cancer Stem Cells................................ .......65
4.3 M ODEL SUITABILITY FO RTHE STUDY OF RARE DISSEMINATING TUMOR CELLS .67
4.3.1 Optimization of the enrichment procedure of live Disseminating Tumor Ce...........lls 67
/4.3.2 Xenograft recipient: NOD/SCID mice versus NOD/SCID/γ mice ...71 c
4.3.3 Optimizing luciferase expression in tumor cel................................ls ................................ ........ 72
4.3.4 Detection limit of the xenograft assay using the Xenogen system .....73
4.4 F UNCTIONAL STUDY OF CELL LINE DISSEMINATING TUMOR CELLS ...................... 75
4.4.1 Circulating Tumor Cells have poor clonogenic and sphere forming abilitie...............s 75
4.4.2 Circulating Tumor Cells are poorly tumorigenic and metastatici n vivo....................... 77
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4.4.3 A high proportion of Circulating Tumor Cells is quiescen................................t ................... 78
4.4.4 Circulating Tumor Cells are very heterogeneous ......79
4.5 F UNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CARCINOMA PATIENTD ISSEMINATING TUMOR CELLS......... 85
4.5.1 Clinical studies for the functional analysis of Disseminating Tumor Cells.................... 85
4.5.2 In vitroc ulture optimization for Disseminating Tumor Cell amplification .................. 91
4.5.3 Optimization of Metastasis Initiating Cell detectioni n vivo................................ ................ 93
4.5.4 Patient Circulating Tumor Cell characterization: a case report .......96
5. DISCUSSION § OUTLOOK..........................................99
5.1 CAN PATIENTM ETASTASISI NITIATINCG ELLS BE DETECTED BYA XENOGRAFT ASSAY ?.............. 99
5.2 INDUCTION OF MURINE TUMORS BY CIRCULATING TUMOR CELL POSITIVE SAMPLE.....................S 101
5.3 HETEROGENEOUS DGTCS SHELTER QUIESCENTAN D ACTIVATED CIRCULATING CSCS.................. 102
5.4 M ETASTATIC CELL: SINTRUDERS OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BONE MAR ROW NICHE ........................... 106
5.5 CONCLUSIONS ................................ ................................ ................ 109
6. MATERIALS § METHODS.........111
7. APPENDIX....................................117
7.1 LIST OF SAMPLES (CLINICAL STUDIES #1, 2 AND 3)................................ ................................ ......117
7.2 EVOLUTION OF CTC COUNTS( CLINICAL STUDY #3) .......125
7.3 LIST OF PROCESSED SAMPLES( CLINICAL STUDY #3) ......127
7.4 IMM UNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STE UP................................ ............ 128
7.5 EXAMPLES OF MURINE TU MORS AND OF MURINE G RANUMLOMA ................................ ....................... 130
7.6 LUCIFERASE LENTIVIRAL VECTOR MAP ....133
7.7 HEMATOLOGIC PROFILING OF ESTROGEN ‐TREATED MICE ................................ ....134
7.8 PROTOCOLS................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 136
7.8.1 Intrafemoral injections 136
7.8.2 Immunohistochemistry: mouse antihuman pan cytokeratin antibody 137
7.8.3 Immunohistochemistry: mouse anhtiuman mitochondria antibody........................... 139
7.8.4 Immunohistochemistry: mouse anthum i an Ki67 antibody ....................