Two exceptional flares of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304 at very high energy {γ-rays [gamma-rays] and their implications on blazar and fundamental physics [Elektronische Ressource] / put forward by Rolf Bühler
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Two exceptional flares of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304 at very high energy {γ-rays [gamma-rays] and their implications on blazar and fundamental physics [Elektronische Ressource] / put forward by Rolf Bühler

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120 pages
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Dissertationsubmitted to theCombined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematicsof the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germanyfor the degree ofDoctor of Natural SciencesPut forward byDipl.-Phys. Rolf Bu¨hlerborn in Ru¨sselsheimOral examination: 28 January 2009Two exceptional flares of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304at Very High Energy γ-rays and their implications onblazar and fundamental physicsReferees: Prof. Dr. Werner HofmannProf. Dr. Heinrich V¨olkAbstractIn this work an analysis and interpretation of the Very High Energy (VHE, photon energy> 200 GeV)γ-ray emission measured from the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) PKS 2155-304is presented. The observations were carried out with the H.E.S.S. telescopes between 2005and 2007. The source underwent two exceptional flares during this period, on 28 and 30July 2006. The fluxes observed during these nights are among the highest ever observed inVHE astronomy and provided a very rich dataset. During the first flare the source showed avery fast flux variability (∼ 200 s). No time delays could be observed between the emissionat different photon energy bands; this lack of dispersion is used to set limits on the energyscale of Lorentz Invariance violations. The second flare was observed simultaneously by theChandra X-ray satellite, yielding an unprecedented multi-wavelength view on this object.The most striking result of this night is a cubic decay of the γ-ray flux as a function of theX-ray flux.

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Publié le 01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures 11
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 3 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences
Put forward by
Dipl.-Phys. Rolf Bu¨hler
born in Ru¨sselsheim
Oral examination: 28 January 2009Two exceptional flares of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304
at Very High Energy γ-rays and their implications on
blazar and fundamental physics
Referees: Prof. Dr. Werner Hofmann
Prof. Dr. Heinrich V¨olkAbstract
In this work an analysis and interpretation of the Very High Energy (VHE, photon energy
> 200 GeV)γ-ray emission measured from the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) PKS 2155-304
is presented. The observations were carried out with the H.E.S.S. telescopes between 2005
and 2007. The source underwent two exceptional flares during this period, on 28 and 30
July 2006. The fluxes observed during these nights are among the highest ever observed in
VHE astronomy and provided a very rich dataset. During the first flare the source showed a
very fast flux variability (∼ 200 s). No time delays could be observed between the emission
at different photon energy bands; this lack of dispersion is used to set limits on the energy
scale of Lorentz Invariance violations. The second flare was observed simultaneously by the
Chandra X-ray satellite, yielding an unprecedented multi-wavelength view on this object.
The most striking result of this night is a cubic decay of the γ-ray flux as a function of the
X-ray flux. Such a correlation can not be explained with current blazar models and points
towards an X-ray emission from multiple regions within the AGN.
Kurzfassung
In dieser Arbeit werden Messungen der Hochenergie γ-Strahlung (Photon Energie > 200
GeV) von der Aktiven Galaxie PKS 2155-304 pr¨asentiert und interpretiert. Die Beobachtun-
gen wurden zwischen 2005 und 2007 mit den H.E.S.S. Teleskopen durchgefu¨hrt. W¨ahrend
dieser Zeit zeigte die Quelle zwei ausergewo¨hnlich starke γ-Strahlen Ausbru¨che, am 28.
und 30. Juli. Die Flu¨sse in diesen Na¨chten liegen mehr als einhundert mal u¨ber dem
typischen Wert fu¨r diese Quelle, und geh¨oren zu den ho¨chsten, die je in der Hochenergieas-
tronomie gemessen wurden. Wa¨hrend dem ersten Ausbruch wurde eine starke und schnelle
Flussvariabilita¨t gemessen, die ohne zeitliche Verzo¨gerung in allen Energieba¨ndern gle-
ichzeitig auftritt. Das Fehlen einer messbaren Dispersion wurde genutzt, um untere Grenzen
auf die Energieskala einer m¨oglichen Lorentz Invarianz Verletzung zu bestimmen. W¨ahrend
dem zweiten Ausbruch, am 30. Juli, wurden die H.E.S.S. Beobachtungen gleichzeitig mit
Beobachtungen des Chandra Ro¨ntgensatelliten durchgefu¨hrt. Eine der interessantesten
Ergebnisse dieser simultanen Beobachtungen ist ein kubischer Abfall des γ-Strahlen Flusses
als Funktion des Ro¨ntgen Flusses. Dies kann nicht mit u¨blichen Blazar Modellen erkla¨rt
werden und deutet darauf hin, dass die Ro¨ntgenstrahlung aus mehreren Regionen in der
Quelle stammt.Contents
1 Active Galactic Nuclei 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Active Galactic Nuclei at Very High Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 The active galaxy PKS 2155-304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Physics overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Relativistic dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Shock acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Photon interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Blazar emission models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 Leptonic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Hadronic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 The Extragalactic Background Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 H.E.S.S. and its data analysis 19
2.1 The imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1 Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.2 The H.E.S.S. telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1 Event reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 Background rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.3 Spectrum measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.4 Lightcurve measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.5 Systematic errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.6 Data quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.7 Software implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 VHE observation of PKS 2155-304 from 2005 to 2007 33
3.1 Dataset description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Temporal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.1 Time-averaged energy spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.2 Spectral variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4 The Big Flare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4.1 Temporal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4.2 Spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4.3 Interpretation within blazar models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 The Chandra Flare - An unprecedented multi-wavelength view 47
4.1 Temporal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.1 γ-ray lightcurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.2 Comparison with X-ray and optical lightcurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.3 Inter-band time lags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
i4.2 Time-resolved spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2.1 γ-ray spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2.2 X-ray spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.2.3 Spectral Energy Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3 X-ray vs. γ-ray correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.4 Summary of the main observational facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5 The Big Flare as a testbed of Lorentz Invariance 73
5.1 Probing an energy dependence of the speed of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1.1 The Modified Cross Correlation function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1.2 Systematic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.1.3 Limits on an energy dependence of the speed of light . . . . . . . . . . 76
6 Summary & outlook 81
A List of Very High Energy AGN 83
B Measurement of the cosmic-ray iron spectrum with H.E.S.S. 85
B.1 First ground based measurement of atmospheric Cherenkov light from cosmic
rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.1.2 Event selection and reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
B.1.3 Data analysis and simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
B.1.4 Systematic checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
B.1.5 Spectrum extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
B.1.6 Summary & outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
B.2 Analysis improvements since the diploma thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
iiList of Figures
1.1 Components of an AGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Radio image of Cygnus A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 AGN detected at VHE γ-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 SED of PKS 2155-304 in 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Shock acceleration sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Klein-Nishina cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 SSC sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.8 SED of the EBL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9 EBL attenuation for PKS 2155-304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Air-shower simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 The H.E.S.S. telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Shower reconstruction sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Hillas parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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