Ultrastructure and functional morphology of adhesive organs and anti-adhesive plant surfaces [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Ingo Scholz

Ingo Scholz

Informations

• Publié par: rheinisch-westfalischen_technischen_hochschule_-rwth-_aachen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

Extrait

“ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF
ADHESIVE ORGANS AND ANTI-ADHESIVE PLANT SURFACES”


Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der
RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation

vorgelegt von

Diplom-Biologe
Ingo Scholz
aus Hameln


Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Werner Baumgartner
Universitätsprofessor Dr. Peter Bräunig

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.12.2009


Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online
verfügbar

CONTENTS


1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Biology of animal attachment.................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Adhesive structures of insects ............................................................................ 4
1.1.2 Adhesive structures of tree frogs ........................................................................ 6
1.1.3 The influence of tarsal secretion on adhesion .................................................... 7
1.2 Biology of anti-adhesive surfaces............................................................................ 10
1.2.1 Anti-adhesive surfaces in pitcher plants ........................................................... 10

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................... 13
2.1 Study animals and plants ......................................................................................... 13
2.1.1 Stick insects (Carausius morosus) ................................................................... 13
2.1.2 Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea) ........................................................................... 13
2.1.3 Ants (Lasius niger) ........................................................................................... 13
2.1.4 Pitcher plants (Nepenthes alata) ....................................................................... 14
2.1.5 Artificial surfaces ............................................................................................. 14
2.2 Morphology and ultrastructure ................................................................................ 15
2.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ............................................................. 15
2.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) ...................................................... 16
2.2.3 Light Microscopy (LM) .................................................................................... 17
2.2.4 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).................................................. 17
2.2.5 Focused ion beam treatment (FIB) ................................................................... 18
2.2.6 Confocal Multi-Pinhole microscopy (CMP) .................................................... 18


i 2.3 In vivo imaging and mechanical properties ............................................................. 19
2.3.1 Atomic force microscopy measurements on Carausius morosus .................... 24
2.3.2 Atomic force microscopy measurements on Litoria caerulea ......................... 27
2.3.3 Atomic force measurements on Nepenthes alata ............................................. 28
2.4 Interaction of adhesive organs and surfaces ............................................................ 29
2.4.1 Slip-off experiments ......................................................................................... 29
2.4.2 Adhesion and friction measurements by centrifugation ................................... 30
2.5. Chemical composition of the tarsal secretion ......................................................... 30

3. RESULTS .................................................................................................... 35
3.1 Morphology and ultrastructure ................................................................................ 35
3.1.1 The adhesive organ of Carausius morosus ...................................................... 35
3.1.2 The adhesive organ of Litoria caerulea ........................................................... 40
3.1.3 The conductive surface of Nepenthes alata ...................................................... 44
3.2. In vivo imaging and mechanical properties ............................................................ 48
3.2.1 Atomic force microscopy on Carausius morosus ............................................ 48
3.2.2 Atomic force microscopy of Litoria caerulea .................................................. 53
3.2.3 Atomic force microscopy of Nepenthes alata .................................................. 61
3.3 Interaction of adhesive organs and surfaces ............................................................ 64
3.3.1 Slip-off experiments ......................................................................................... 64
3.3.2 Adhesion and friction measurements ............................................................... 67
3.4 Chemical composition of tarsal secretion ................................................................ 70

4. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 73
4.1 Morphology and ultrastructure ................................................................................ 73
4.1.1 The adhesive organ of Carausius morosus ...................................................... 73
4.1.2 The adhesive organ of Litoria caerulea ........................................................... 75

ii
4.2 Mechanical properties ............................................................................................. 77
4.2.1 The adhesive organ of Carausius morosus ...................................................... 77
4.2.2 The adhesive organ of Litoria caerulea ........................................................... 80
4.3 The conductive surface of Nepenthes alata ............................................................. 83
4.3.1 General ............................................................................................................. 83
4.3.2 Influence of surface roughness on adhesion ..................................................... 84
4.4 Chemical composition of tarsal secretion ................................................................ 90

5. SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 93

REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 97

DANKSAGUNG .............................................................................................. 105
CURRICULUM VITAE ..................................................................................... 107


iii LIST OF FIGURES


Figure 2.1: Principal setup of an atomic force microscope (AFM). ............................. 19
Figure 2.2: Vertical section of a 4-sided pyramidal indenter of an AFM. .................... 20
Figure 2.3: AFM measurements on Carausius morosus .............................................. 25
Figure 2.4: AFM measurements on Litoria caerulea ................................................... 27

Figure 3.1: SEM images of the tarsus and the arolium of Carausius morosus ............ 36
Figure 3.2: SEM images of the ultrastructure of the arolium cuticle ........................... 37
Figure 3.3: Section of the arolium cuticle in Carausius morosus, TEM images. ......... 38
Figure 3.4: Longitudinal rows of principal rods in the arolium cuticle (CLSM).......... 39
Figure 3.5: Litoria caerulea, overview and SEM images of the toe pad. ..................... 41
Figure 3.6: Nanostructural features of the toe pad epithelial cells................................ 42
Figure 3.7: Freeze-fracture image of a toe pad of Litoria caerulea .............................. 43
Figure 3.8: Morphology of a pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata.. ......... 44
Figure 3.9: FIB-cutting of pitcher plant material. ......................................................... 46
Figure 3.10: High resolution image of a FIB-polished Nepenthes alata surface. .......... 47
Figure 3.11: Topographic AFM images of the arolium in Carausius morosus. ............ 50
Figure 3.12: Force-distance curve of the indentation experiment on an arolium ......... 51
Figure 3.13: Thickness of the epicuticle as estimated by AFM measurements. ............ 52
Figure 3.14: 3D-reconstruction of the surfaces of toe pad epithelial cells. ................... 56
Figure 3.15: AFM height profiling of toe pad epithelium. ............................................ 57
Figure 3.16: Material stiffness of the toe epithelium as measured by the AFM. ........... 59
Figure 3.17: AFM images of the wax surface of Nepenthes a