Wavefield decomposition using microphone arrays and its application to acoustic scene analysis [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Heinz Teutsch

Heinz Teutsch

Sujets

• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: friedrich-alexander-universitat_erlangen-nurnberg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 10
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 12 Mo

Extrait

Wave eld Decomposition Using Microphone
Arrays and Its Application to Acoustic
Scene Analysis
Der Technischen Fakult at der
Friedrich-Alexander-Universit at Erlangen-Nurn berg
zur Erlangung des Grades
Doktor-Ingenieur
vorgelegt von
Heinz Teutsch
Erlangen, 2005Als Dissertation genehmigt von
der Technischen Fakult at der
Friedrich-Alexander-Universit at
Erlangen-Nurn berg
Tag der Einreichung: 04.10.2005
Tag der Promotion: 25.01.2006
Dekan: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alfred Leipertz
Berichterstatter: Prof. Walter Kellermann
Dr. James L. Flanagan, Rutgers University, NJ, USAAcknowledgments
I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Walter Kellermann of the Friedrich-Alexander
University in Erlangen, Germany, who, with his inspirations and great patience has sup-
ported me throughout my career in his research group. He showed faith in my work even
during times where research funding was critical. Thanks go to Dr. Rudolf Rabenstein
for funding my rst two and a half years throughout the CARROUSO project.
I am very indebted to Dr. James L. Flanagan of Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA,
who was willing to dedicate a big chunk of his busy schedule to the review of this thesis.
Thanks also go to Prof. Wolfgang Koch, Prof. em. Adolf W. Lohmann, Prof. Reinhard
Lerch, and Dr. Manfred Kaltenbacher, all from the University of Erlangen, Germany, for
showing interest in my work and for nding the time to participate in the defense of this
thesis.
I am grateful to Dr. Gary Elko for many fruitful discussions and for making my
memorable stay at Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, USA, possible.
I would also like to thank all my former colleagues at the Telecommunications Lab-
oratory for creating a very enjoyable and inspiring atmosphere. I am thankful for the
unresting dedication of the supportive sta . In particular, I would like to thank Mrs.
Ursula Arnold for making the impossible possible, as well as Rudiger N agel and Manfred
Lindner for helping me with the design of numerous hardware components.
I am very grateful to my friends and family for their unconditional support and for
sharing unforgettable moments with me.
And nally , my deepest thanks go to Debbie for giving me her heart and for accepting
the countless days that we had to spend so far apart.v
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms ix
Notation x
1 Introduction 1
2 Acoustic Wave elds 5
2.1 Mathematical Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Euler’s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 The acoustic wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Point sources and plane-waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 Point sources in three dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 Plane-waves in three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Point sources and plane-waves in two dimensions . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Acoustic wave equation in cylindrical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.1 General solution of the acoustic wave equation in cylindrical coor-
dinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.2 The cylindrical radiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2.1 The cylindrical radiator of in nite length . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2.2 The of nite length . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.3 The cylindrical scatterer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.3.1 The in nite-length cylinder as a rigid scatterer . . . . . . 25
2.3.3.2 The nite-length as a rigid . . . . . . . 29
2.3.3.3 In nite-length cylindrical scatterer with pressure-release
boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Acoustic wave equation in spherical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 General solution of the acoustic wave equation in spherical coordinates 33
2.4.2 The spherical radiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.3 The scatterer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.3.1 The rigid spherical scatterer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.3.2 The pressure-release spherical scatterer . . . . . . . . . . . 40vi Contents
3 Wave eld Analysis 41
3.1 WFA using circular apertures and arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.1 Continuous circular apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.1.1 The unba ed circular aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.1.2 The ba ed circular aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.2 Wave eld decomposition using directional circular apertures . . . . 53
3.1.2.1 Circular dipole aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.1.2.2 cardioid aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.1.3 Circularly symmetric microphone arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1.4 Representation of a 2D wave eld using a nite number of harmonics 62
3.1.5 Circular apertures and near eld sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 WFA using spherical apertures and arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.1 Continuous spherical apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.1.1 The unba ed spherical aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.1.2 The ba ed aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.1.3 Additional properties of spherical apertures . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.2 Wave eld decomposition using directional spherical apertures . . . 74
3.2.2.1 Spherical dipole aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2.2.2 cardioid aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.2.3 Spherical microphone arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.2.3.1 The -Gaussian method for spherical sampling . . . . . 79equ
3.2.3.2 The t-design method for spherical sampling . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.4 Representation of a 3D wave eld using a nite number of harmonics 86
3.2.5 Spherical apertures and near eld sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3 WFA using other types of apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.3.1 Linear apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.3.2 Cylindrical apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4 Acoustic Scene Analysis Using Classical Array Signal Processing 95
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2 Signal models and assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1 Sensor-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.2 Time-domain signal model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.2.3 Frequency-domain signal model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.3 Waveform Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.1 Space-time ltering and beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.2 Performance measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.3 Data-independent waveform estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3.3.1 The ULA beamformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Contents vii
4.3.3.2 The constant-directivity beamformer . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.3.3.3 Di eren tial and superdirective beamformer . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3.4 Data-dependent waveform estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4 Parameter Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.4.1 Performance measure { the Cramer-Rao lower bound . . . . . . . . 122
4.4.1.1 Limitations of the CRLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4.2 TDOA-based algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4.2.1 Generalized cross-correlation-based algorithms . . . . . . . 124
4.4.2.2 The adaptive eigenvalue decomposition algorithm . . . . . 126
4.4.2.3 Performance of TDOA-based algorithms . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.3 Subspace-based DOA estimation algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.4.3.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.4.3.2 Source localization using MUSIC-based algorithms . . . . 134
4.4.3.3 Source lo using ESPRIT-based . . . . 137
4.4.3.4 Performance of subspace-based DOA estimation . . . . . . 143
4.4.4 Detection of the number of active sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5 Acoustic Scene Analysis Using Modal Array Signal Processing 151
5.1 Waveform estimation using eigenbeam processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.1.1 The modal beamformer { pattern synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.1.1.1 Pattern synthesis using circular harmonics . . . . . . . . . 152
5.1.1.2 Pattern synthesis using spherical . . . . . . . . 152
5.1.2 Optimum beampattern design using eigenbeams . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.1.3 The adaptive modal beamformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.2 Parameter estimation using eigenbeam processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.2.1 Eigenbeam array manifold vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.2.2 Eigenbeam signal model and modal signal subspaces . . . . . . . . 160
5.2.3 Eigenbeam processing and the CRLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.2.4 Eigenbeam-based DOA estimation using circular apertures . . . . . 162
5.2.4.1 ESPRIT-based algorithm for single-source localization tasks163
5.2.4.2 for multiple-source localization
tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .