X-ray binaries in the Milky Way and other galaxies [Elektronische Ressource] / Hans-Jakob Grimm

Hans-Jakob Grimm

Sujets

• Astronomie

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2003
• Nombre de lectures: 24
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

X-ray binaries in the Milky Way
and other galaxies
Hans-Jakob Grimm
Munchen 2003¨X-ray binaries in the Milky Way
and other galaxies
Hans-Jakob Grimm
Dissertation
an der Fakult¨at fur¨ Physik
der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universitat¨
Munchen¨
vorgelegt von
Hans-Jakob Grimm
aus Rostock
Munc¨ hen, den 28.03.2003Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rashid Sunyaev
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Bender
Tag der mundlichen Prufung: 04.08.2003¨ ¨Contents
Zusammenfassung xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1. X-ray binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Motivation and Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1. Galactic X-ray binary population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2. HMXB–SFR connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
I. The Milky Way 11
2. Milky Way Log(N)–Log(S) 13
2.1. RXTE All-Sky Monitor Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1. Systematic errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2. Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2. The Log(N)–Log(S) distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Milky Way Luminosity functions 21
3.1. Distribution of X-ray binaries in the Galaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1. Angular distribution of X-ray binaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.2. Source distances and 3-D distribution of X-ray binaries . . . . . . . 21
3.1.3. The Galaxy model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.4. High mass X-ray binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.5. Low mass X-ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.6. Completeness of the sample of the distance measurements. . . . . . 28
3.2. Luminosity function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.1. Effect of the Galaxy model on the luminosity function . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2. Total X-ray luminosity of Galactic X-ray binaries . . . . . . . . . . 33
˙3.2.3. Luminosity function and M distribution of X-ray binaries. . . . . . 35vi Contents
4. Extension of luminosity functions 41
4.1. Lowy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.1. Extension of Log(N)–Log(S) towards lower fluxes . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.2. Low luminosity end of X-ray binary luminosity function . . . . . . . 42
4.1.3. Young objects in star forming regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2. High luminosity sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
II. Star-forming galaxies 47
5. Data on star forming galaxies 49
5.1. Sample of galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1.1. Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.1.2. X-ray luminosity functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.1.3. Star formation rate estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.4. Contribution of a central AGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.1.5. Contribution of LMXBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6. High Mass X-ray Binaries as a star formation indicator 59
6.1. Universal HMXB Luminosity Function ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2. High Luminosity cut-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.3. Total X-ray luminosity as SFR indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.4. Theoretical L –SFR relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66X
6.5. L –SFR relation: comparison with the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69X
6.6. Hubble Deep Field North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.7. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.7.1. Neutron stars, stellar mass black holes and intermediate mass black
holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.7.2. Further astrophysically important information . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.8. Collective luminosity of a population of discrete sources . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.8.1. Analytical treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7. Summary 87
8. Appendix 91
Bibliography 101List of Figures
2.1. Angular distribution of LMXBs and HMXBs in the Galaxy. . . . . . . . . 14
2.2. Systematic error estimate using observed versus expected RMS for 10 long
term stable sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3. Log(N)–Log(S) distribution of extragalactic sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4. Number–flux relation for all galactic sources derived from the entire ASM
sample.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5. Log(N)–Log(S) for Galactic X-ray binaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1. Distribution of Galactic X-ray binaries versus Galactic longitude and latitude. 22
3.2. Face-on view of the Galaxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3. Radial distributions of HMXBs and LMXBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4. Vertical of and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5. Distribution of LMXB sources over distance from the Sun. . . . . . . . . . 29
3.6. Fraction of mass of the Galaxy visible to ASM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.7. Apparent and volume corrected cumulative luminosity function. . . . . . . 31
3.8.t and v differentialy . . . . . . 31
3.9. Dependence of the luminosity function on the adopted model of the spatial
distribution of XRBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1. Comparison of the differential Log(N)–Log(S) relation for Galactic XRBs
from ASM and ASCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.ofthenumber-fluxrelationobservedintheASCAGRSandthe
predicted Log(N)–Log(S) from ASM luminosity functions. . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3. Spatial distribution of Galactic XRBs with episodes of Eddington or super-
Eddington luminosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1. The luminosity functions of compact X-ray sources in nearby galaxies from
the primary sample in Table 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2. Contributions of LMXBs and HMXBs to the luminosity function of NGC
4736. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.1. Number–SFR relation for galaxies from Table 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2. Comparison of the combined luminosity function of M 82, NGC 4579, NGC
4736 and Circinus with luminosity function of Antennae. . . . . . . . . . . 61viii List of Figures
6.3. Combined luminosity function of star-burst galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.4. Comparison of “universal” luminosity function with individual galaxies. . . 64
6.5. The L –SFR relation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69X
6.6. Simulated differential luminosity function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.7. Probabilitydistributionsofaverageluminosityofdiscretesourcesforvarious
luminosity function slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.8. Dependence of most probable value on number of the sources. . . . . . . . 82
6.9. Ratio of most probable value of total luminosity to its expectation value
versus number of sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.10.Probability distribution of the maximum luminosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84List of Tables
2.1. List of sources used to estimate systematic errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2. Best fit values for Log(N)–Log(S) of Galactic sources. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1. The parameters of the standard Galaxy model.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2. Most luminous LMXB sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3. Most HMXB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4. X-ray binaries with super-Eddington flux periods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.1. The primary sample of local galaxies used to study the luminosity function
of HMXB sources.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2. The secondary sample of local galaxies used to complement the primary
sample in the analysis of the L -SFR relation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51X
5.3. Star formation rates for galaxies from local sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1. Sample galaxies from the Hubble Deep Field North and Lynx Field. . . . . 71
8.1. List of all galactic sources observed with ASM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91x List of Tables