Science policies in the European Union

Directorate-General For Research And Innovation European Commission

Description

Promoting excellence through mainstreaming gender equality: A report from the ETAN expert working group on women and science
Research policy and organisation

Informations

• Publié par: DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-RESEARCH-AND-INNOVATION-EUROPEAN-COMMISSION
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 20 Mo

Extrait

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IMPROVING THE HUMAN RESEARCH POTENTIAL
AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE BASE A Report
from the
ETAN
Expert
Working
Group on
Women and
Science
1QE3D
FEMMES & European Technology
SCIENCES Assessment Network European Commission
Research Directorate-General
Science policies in the
European Union
Promoting excellence through
mainstreaming gender equality
A Report from the ETAN Expert Working Group
on Women and Science
Production: Melanie Kitchener (European Commission)
Improving the Human Research Potential and the Socio-economic Knowledge Base EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Research Directorate-General - Directorate F5
Programme: Improving the Human Research Potential and the Socio-economic Knowledge Base
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Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000
ISBN 92 828 8682-4
© European Communities, 2000
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in Italy
Printed on white chlorine-free paper
Cover design by POPLAR, Brussels
Inside design by Dave Worth, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, UK Science policies in the European Union:
Promoting excellence through mainstreaming gender equality
A report prepared for the European Commission by the independent ETAN Expert Working Group
on women and science
European Technology Assessment Network
(ETAN) on Women and Science
Members
Mary Osborn (Chair) Cell biologist, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen and
honorary Professor University of Göttingen, Germany
Teresa Rees (Rapporteur) Professor of Social Sciences, University of Cardiff, UK & Equal Opportunities
Commissioner for Wales
Associate Professor, Centre for Gender and Diversity, University of Mineke Bosch
Maastricht.The Netherlands
Helga Ebeling Head of Division for Women in Education and Research, Federal Ministry of
Education and Research, Bonn, Germany
Claudine Hermann Professor of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
Jytte Hilden former Minister for Research and Information Technology, Denmark
Anne McLaren Principal Research Associate, Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology,
University of Cambridge, UK
Rossella Palomba Department Head, National Institute for Population Research, Rome, Italy
Leena Peltonen Chair of Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine and Professor of
Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Carmen Vela Managing Director of Ingenasa, Spain
Dominique Weis FNRS Research Director, Earth scientist, University of Brussels, Belgium
Agnes Wold Associate Professor, Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Sweden
Alternates
Joan Mason Chair of Association for Women in Science and Engineering, UK
Christine Wennerås Assistant Professor, Medical Microbiology, Göteborg University, Sweden Members of the ETAN Working
Group on Women and Science
present their report to Philippe
Busquin, Commissioner for
Research.
Photo: European Commission
Audiovisual Library Contents
List of figures and tables vi
Executive Summary vii
Foreword by Philippe Busquin, Commissioner for Research χ
Preface x
1 Introduction I
2 Women in science today 7
3 Quality and fairness in scientific professions 21
4 Fairness and funding/modernising peer review 33
5 Shaping scientific policy 47
6 Educating scientists, destereotyping science 5
7 Mainstreaming equality in scientific institutions and enterprises 65
8 Gender statistics in science: Measuring inequality , 71
9 Making change happen 8
References and other key sources 9
Notes on ETAN Network Members 109
Abbreviations I I 5
Appendices
I Issues and recommendations from previous reports on women and science ..11
II Women and Science: Networking the networks - declaration I 3 I
III Sources and notes to Table 2.1 135
IV Women at the top levels of Industry I 39
Vn in the world's academies of science 141
VI Women and international and national prizes3
VIIn and applications to research councils7
VIII Women on committees that set science policy9
IX Eurogroups, One Time Grants and Networks 15List of figures and tables
Figures
Figure 2.1 : Percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women 8
Figure 2.2: Percentage of students in higher education that are female by field 9
of study 1994-95 in the EU Member States
Figure 2.3: Women professors over time: Percentage of professors who are 12
women in different Member States (1980-98)
Figure 2.4: Women and men in science in six Member States (1997) I 3
Figure 2.5: Women and men in science in Germany: The scissors diagram 13
Figure 2.6: Percentages of women in science, engineering and technology in4
UK universities by field and level (1996-97)
Figure 2.7: Fellows of the Royal Society of London, % women ( 1945-99) I 7
Figure 3.1 : Persons invited to the post of professor in Finland ( 1991 -95) 24
Figure 4.1 : Mean competence scores given to male and female applicants 3
by the Swedish MRC
Figure 4.2: Individual grants awarded to women by the DFG in Germany:9
By year and discipline
Figure 4.3: Wellcome Trust: Numbers of rejected and awarded project grant 40
applications by age and sex ( 1996)
Figure 5.1: Changes in RTD Priorities between the different Framework 48
Programmes
Figure 5.2: Percentage of women in A grades in the Directorate Generals of the 49
European Commission
Figure 5.3: Percentage of women in Grades Al-A8 in the European Commission: ... 50
The Research Directorate-General compared with all Directorates (1999)
Tables
Table 2.1 : Women professors: Percentage of faculty that are women 10
(Different ranks, all disciplines)
Table 4.1: Analysis of applications to the Dutch research bodies by gender, 35
1993 and 1994
VI List of figures and tables
Table 4.2: European Molecular Biology Association (EMBO) Fellowships by 36
gender (1997-98)
Table 4.3TMR Marie Curie Fellowships Programme 37
(Fourth Framework), applicants by panel and gender
Table 4.4: IHP Programme Marie Curie individual fellowship (Fifth
Framework) applicants by panel and gender
Table 5.1: Composition of ESTA in 1994 51
Table 5.2:Women Members of the European Science Foundation (1997-98) 54
Table 5.3:Women's involvement in the European Science Foundation 5
Activities ( 1997-98)
Table 8.1 : Number of men who would have to vacate their positions to achieve 76
an equal sex distribution of professors in France (1998)
Appendices tables
Table III. I: Percentage of women in the professoriat and among academic 135
staff in universities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
Table III.2: Percentage of women among academic staff in universities and I 36
research institutes, by discipline and level
Table IV.I:Women managers in German companies 139
Table VI:Women in the world's academies of science 141
Table VII. I: Research grants, by research council and sex, applications and 147
success rates
VII Executive summary
The General Directorate of Research commissioned this report on gender
aspects of research policy in the EU. It was prompted by concerns expressed
in the Commission, the European Parliament, the Council and the Member
States. It has been prepared by a European Technology Assessment Network
(ETAN), chaired by Mary Osborn. Its authors are senior scientists from
different disciplines from ten Member States, from universities, research
institutes, business and politics. The report reviews the position of women in
science and technology. It concludes that the under-representation of
women threatens the goals of science in achieving excellence, as well as
being wasteful