61-24297781.5 *73*Tovey $1^5musicforms offhelibrarykansas publiccity 111will be issuedBooks onlycard,ofon librarypresentationandPlease lost cardsreportof residence promptly.changeforholders areCard responsibleall films,books, records, picturesmaterialsor other librarycards.checked out on theirueDonald Francis ToveyBorn in 1875, Donald Francis was a BritishTovey musicologistand He took classical honors with his B.A.composer. at Oxford in and became a1898, of the first hepianist rank, thoughnever a virtuoso career. Fromsought 1914 to 1940 he wasReid Professor of Music at He died inEdinburgh University.1940. His otherbooks include andFreedom inNormality Music,The Main Stream Aof Music, Musician inTalks, EssaysMusical and Beethoven.Analysis,ivxMeridian Books edition first October 1956publishedFirst printing 1956SeptemberSecond June 1957Third 1958printing JulyFourth 1959AprilFifth Decemberprinting 1959Reprinted by arrangement with PressOxford UniversityOriginally published 1944 as Musical Articles from theBritannicaEncyclopaediaLibrary of card number:Congress catalog 56-10015Manufactured in the United States of AmericaEDITORIAL PREFACEa ofto set downTHE desire paper comprehensive systemuponof forwas in the mind Donaldmusical education Toveypresentwrote inlife. In when he was heof his 21,the 1896,greater part"*a work on themeansa friend that hehada letter to greatbegunintoMusic" If ever I finish theof in thing,Expressiona ...
61-24297781.5 *73*
Tovey $1^5
musicforms offhe
librarykansas publiccity 111
will be issuedBooks only
card,ofon library
presentation
andPlease lost cards
report
of residence promptly.change
forholders areCard responsible
all films,books, records, pictures
materialsor other library
cards.checked out on theirueDonald Francis Tovey
Born in 1875, Donald Francis was a BritishTovey musicologist
and He took classical honors with his B.A.composer. at Ox
ford in and became a1898, of the first hepianist rank, though
never a virtuoso career. Fromsought 1914 to 1940 he was
Reid Professor of Music at He died inEdinburgh University.
1940. His otherbooks include andFreedom inNormality Music,
The Main Stream Aof Music, Musician inTalks, Essays
Musical and Beethoven.Analysis,
ivx
Meridian Books edition first October 1956published
First printing 1956September
Second June 1957
Third 1958printing July
Fourth 1959April
Fifth Decemberprinting 1959
Reprinted by arrangement with PressOxford University
Originally published 1944 as Musical Articles from the
BritannicaEncyclopaedia
Library of card number:Congress catalog 56-10015
Manufactured in the United States of AmericaEDITORIAL PREFACE
a ofto set downTHE desire paper comprehensive systemupon
of forwas in the mind Donaldmusical education Toveypresent
wrote inlife. In when he was heof his 21,the 1896,greater part
"*
a work on themeansa friend that hehada letter to greatbegun
intoMusic" If ever I finish theof in thing,Expression
a serieshe was aboutit shall later, talkinggo. Thirty yearsprint
into neither the oneon music. Butof four text-books print
his ideas onwent: the final ofscheme nor the other expression
itbe becausenever written. It never could written,music was
discoverer in music.in the mind ofthat incessantwas never final
of that ofNor was his method writing finality.
in hiswhich ever reachedThe nearest to finality Toveypoint
is to be found in thein musicof a formal philosophyexpression
* he calledthemand aesthetics ofmusicarticles on (astechnique
s whichto Whoin the list of his Who)himself writings supplied
Britannica. Thoseto the articles,he contributed Encyclopaedia
of thefor the eleventh editionfrom onwards Encywritten 1906
fourteenthalmost for therevised rewritten,and again,clopaedia,
form ofin thewere castedition in imposednecessarily1929,
Yet coalescetreatises under very firmlyword-headings. they
text-book ofalmost into aand coherentinto a clear testament,
theLike the toin its widestthe art of music Glossarymeaning.
are thethe entries unconnected,in Musical Analysis,Essays
notand while completeness,whole attemptingcomprehensive,
a fullermusical anda wider ofafford the reader thoughtrange
the exhaustive andthan most ofdiscussion oftechnical problems
laborious theses now available.
formedthese articles.himself set store Theygreat byTovey
of his at thefor him the basis University Edinburgh.teaching ^of
ofmusicalto those fuller considerationsare theThey background
It was hisin Musicalwhich are his Essays Analysis.compositions
intothat these articles should beown gathered togetherproposal
as Meanstome asone an idea ago 1926.volume, longexpressed
it wasof andwere then taken towards the end agreedpublishing,
correcalterations orshould in hisowntimemakethat anyTovey
Butnew method oftions for the manypresentation.necessary
schemescameideas andother fresh andno doubtmoreimportant
wasandinto that fertile brain, nothingwonderfullybubblingup
moreof musical articles. Idone about the book say important
hasnow beenithe was in life so fully occupied,because, though
death.after the author sthese articlesfound to publishpossible
thewrote forarticles whichThis book contains all the ToveyVI EDITORIAL PREFACE
as now with theBritannica, there,Encyclopaedia they appear
*
of one on Modern Music and the Theexception biographies.
bookwas set from andthus followsthetextup printed slips, finally
and corrected the author. The musicalapproved by very long
are in full. In book a few minor alteraform,examples printed
tions have been in the of references,necessary, mostly excising
and the of the s into line with that ofbringing printer style*
s other books. An occasional in the musicalTovey slip examples
has been corrected. We do not know what an inveterateTovey,
of his own have done to these articlesimprover works, might
had alive to read them in corrected :he beento-day, again proofs
stand as he them forwe do know that they passed publication.
order of the words after much conThe has,alphabetical key-
retained. Those who that thebeensideration, argue general
* *
Music should be first asarticle will,printed can, many people
out of order before the others. An index has been added.read it
to these articles as stand has beenPermission reprint they
the ofthe Britannica,by Encyclopaediakindly granted publishers
thanks are due for the facilities towards theto whom also given
ofthe book. The have beenread Dr. Ernestproofs bypreparation
Mr. R. C. whose skilful assistance IWalker and Trevelyan,
gratefully acknowledge.
HUBERT FOSSJ.
1943CONTENTS
PAGE
EDITORIAL PREFACE v
ARIA i
CANTATA 4
Music 6CHAMBER
CHORALE 12
CONCERTO 14
CONTRAPUNTAL FORMS 19
COUNTERPOINT 30
FUGUE 36
HARMONY 44
INSTRUMENTATION 72
MADRIGAL 84
MASS 85
MELODY 91
MOTET 96
Music 101
OPERA 143
ORATORIO 156
OVERTURE 164
PROGRAMME Music 167
RHYTHM 175
RONDO 192
SCHERZO 200
SONATA 207
208 FORMS
SUITE 233
POEMSYMPHONIC 236
SYMPHONY 238
VARIATIONS 240
INDEX 247
vuARIA
thea to air aARIA, term, ,equivalent English signifying melody
from the but a musical forapart harmony, especially composition
voice or with ana of othersingle instrument, accompaniment
voices or instruments.
The classical aria from the of adeveloped expansion single
vocal on the lines ofwhat is known asmelody, generally binary
form SONATA and SONATA while the
(see FORMS). Accordingly,
of aria form be traceable in advanced ofgerms may examples
the aria as a definite art-form could not beforeexistfolk-song,
of the seventeenththe middle because the ofcentury, polyphony
leftthe sixteenth no room for the ofcentury development melody
for s sake. When at the of the seventeenthmelody beginning
the Monodists conceived the enorcentury (see HARMONY) dimly
latentmous in their new art ofpossibilities accompanying single
voices it was natural that for theinstruments,by many years
mere and of their shouldsuggestiveness variety experiments
without coherent to retain the attention of consuffice, forms,
listeners. even at the the most novelBut, outset,temporary
harmonies used with the most rhetoric were notpoignant enough
in themselves to the sMonteverdisatisfy pioneers. Accordingly,
lament offamous the deserted Ariadne is one of many early
that to a sense of formexamples appeal rudimentary by making
the last identical with the first.phrase
As instrumental music and the classical sense ofgrew, key
became and consistent the hands of Alessandro Scarstrong (in
were driven to to that sense of har
latti), composers appeal
which had asserted itself in folk-musicmonically-solid melody
thebefore ofharmonic music be said to havehistory may begun.
Scarlatti s time it was established that an exBy thoroughly
tended should modulate to the dominant aftermelody normally
its own and that the modulationsestablishing key, subsequent
should work other related back to the tonic. Introthrough keys
*
duce the voice an instrumental ritornello the
,by containing gist
of the and in or in at fullmelody recurring, part whole, every
aand have a form which can so asclose; you expand melody
to both to the and to thegive ample scope singer accompanying
The aria became the of the CONCERTOplayers. prototype (q.v.).
The addition a middle section with a da results in theof capo
universal da form ofaria. Theeighteenth-century capo possibili
ties of are than thevariety greater description might suggest.
voice enter with a different theme from that of theThe may
in theritornello the ritornello be stated; ;may separate portions
IARIA2
instrusolo and tuttiown contrastbetweenhave itsritornellomay
combine with itmaterial contrapuntally,the vocal mayments;
B minor Mass andduets in Bach sAll the arias andand so on.
and the differencesin theseOratorio differ matters,Christmas
sense oftheoften subtly suggested bywell beingrepay analysis,
no newcontributesmiddle sectionthe words. The generally
whothe tonic. awaythat it avoids Gluck, sweptelement, except
in theanti-dramatic, out,method as pointsthe whole inherently
isthemiddlesectionto that generallyperfunctory,Akeste,preface
the toda is to enableof the singerand that the sole capoobject
the classicalornaments. Nevertheless, (or Neapolinewdisplay
in a form whichof considerableis a length,aria compositiontan)
and there is little causeandfail to be effective coherent;cannot
it dominatedthe extent to which eighteenth-for wonder in
music.
century
the differenceinfluencedaria forms are byThe profoundly
Butof Bach and Handel.and thethe sonata stylebetween style
an ariaand inthe form is small, operathe scale of inevitably any
a tableau ratherwhich isin a situationis hardly possible except
such difference betweenthere is noan action.than Consequently
aria of Mozart and that of thethe form of the classical operatic
Thesonata and suite music.as there is betweenHandelian type
which wasfor the dahas become too large capo,scale, however,
to ain musicin case too to survive designed intensifyany rigid
attention from it. Theof to distractdramatic situation instead
untilachievedof was so that,successfullychange stylenecessary
music that movedin absolutely parisucceeded devisingWagner
the central formalthe aria remained aswith his drama,passu
in artistic evolutionand fewin dramatic music; thingsprinciple
which Mozart sthan the extent toare more predecesinteresting
essentialthedramatic reformerthe Gluck, profited bysor, great
he had notthe aria whenresources of his aversion onlystyle,pet
ideas of ritor-had become theit of what stereotypedpurged
it the new sense ofbut animatednellos and vocal byflouris