The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sea-Kings of Crete, by James BaikieThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.orgTitle: The Sea-Kings of CreteAuthor: James BaikieRelease Date: September 19, 2006 [EBook #19328]Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: ISO-8859-1*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA-KINGS OF CRETE ***Produced by Robert J. Hall[Illustration I: THE THRONE OF MINOS (_p_. 72)]THE SEA-KINGSOF CRETEBY REV. JAMES BAIKIE, F.R.A.S.WITH 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHSSECOND EDITIONLONDONADAM AND CHARLES BLACK1913TO MY SISTERS AND MY BROTHERSPREFACEThe object aimed at in the following pages has been to offer tothe general reader a plain account of the wonderful investigationswhich have revolutionized all ideas as to the antiquity and thelevel of the earliest European culture, and to endeavour to makeintelligible the bearing and significance of the results of theseinvestigations. In the hope that the extraordinary resurrectionof the first European civilization may appeal to a more extendedconstituency than that of professed students of ancient origins,the book has been kept as free as possible from technicalitiesand the discussion of controverted points; and throughout I haveendeavoured to write for those who, ...
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sea-Kings of Crete, by James Baikie
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: The Sea-Kings of Crete
Author: James Baikie
Release Date: September 19, 2006 [EBook #19328]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA-KINGS OF CRETE ***
Produced by Robert J. Hall
[Illustration I: THE THRONE OF MINOS (_p_. 72)]
THE SEA-KINGS
OF CRETE
BY REV. JAMES BAIKIE, F.R.A.S.
WITH 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS
SECOND EDITION
LONDON
ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
1913
TO MY SISTERS AND MY BROTHERS
PREFACE
The object aimed at in the following pages has been to offer tothe general reader a plain account of the wonderful investigations
which have revolutionized all ideas as to the antiquity and the
level of the earliest European culture, and to endeavour to make
intelligible the bearing and significance of the results of these
investigations. In the hope that the extraordinary resurrection
of the first European civilization may appeal to a more extended
constituency than that of professed students of ancient origins,
the book has been kept as free as possible from technicalities
and the discussion of controverted points; and throughout I have
endeavoured to write for those who, while from their school days
they have loved the noble and romantic story of Ancient Greece,
have been denied the opportunity of a more thorough study of it
than comes within the limits of an ordinary education.
In the first chapter this standpoint may seem to have been unduly
emphasized, and the retelling of the ancient legends may be accounted
mere surplusage. Such, no doubt, it will be to some readers, but
perhaps they may be balanced by others whose recollection of the
great stories of Classic Greece has grown a little faint with the
lapse of years, and who are not unwilling to have it prompted again.
Reference to the legends was in any case unavoidable, since one
of the most remarkable results of the explorations has been the
disclosure of the solid basis of historic fact on which they rested;
and, if the book was to accomplish its purpose for the readers
for whom it was designed, reference seemed almost necessarily to
involve retelling.
I have to acknowledge extensive obligations to the writings and
reports of the various investigators who have accomplished so wonderful
a resurrection of this ancient world. My debt to the works of Dr.
A. J. Evans will be manifest to all who have any acquaintance with
the subject; but to such authors as Mrs. H. B. Hawes, Dr. Mackenzie,
Professors Burrows, Murray, and Browne, and Messrs. D. G. Hogarth
and H. R. Hall, to name only a few among many, my obligations are
only less than to the acknowledged chief of Cretan explorers.
To the Rev. James Kennedy, D.D., librarian of the New College,
Edinburgh, and to the Rev. C. J. M. Middleton, M.A., Crailing,
my thanks are due for invaluable help afforded in the collection
of material, and I have been not less indebted to Mr. A. Brown,
Galashiels, and to Messrs. C. H. Brown and C. R. A. Howden, Edinburgh,
and others, for their assistance in the preparation of the
illustrations. To Mr. A. Brown in particular are due plates II.,
III., IV., V., IX., X., XV., XVI., XX., XXIII., XXIV., and XXV.;
and to Messrs. C. H. Brown and C. R. A. Howden Plates I., VII.,
VIII., XI., XII., XVII. (I), and XXI. I have to record my hearty
thanks to the Council of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic
Studies for the use of Plates XXIX. and XXX., reproduced by their
permission from the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_; to the Committee
of the British School at Athens for the use of Plate XIX. and the
plan of Knossos from their _Annual_; and to Dr. A. J. Evans and
Mr. John Murray for Plates VI., XIII., and XIV., from the _Monthly
Review_, March, 1901. For the redrawing and adaptation of the plan
of Knossos I am indebted to Mr. H. Baikie, B.Sc., Edinburgh, and
for the sketch-map of Crete to my wife.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE LEGENDSCHAPTER II
THE HOMERIC CIVILIZATION
CHAPTER III
SCHLIEMANN AND HIS WORK
CHAPTER IV
THE PALACE OF 'BROAD KNOSSOS'
CHAPTER V
THE PALACE OF 'BROAD KNOSSOS'--_continued_
CHAPTER VI
PH�STOS, HAGIA TRIADA, AND EASTERN CRETE
CHAPTER VII
CRETE AND EGYPT
CHAPTER VIII
THE DESTROYERS
CHAPTER IX
THE PERIODS OF MINOAN CULTURE
CHAPTER X
LIFE UNDER THE SEA-KINGS
CHAPTER XI
LETTERS AND RELIGION
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
I. The Throne of Minos
II. (1) The Ramp, Troy, Second City; (2) the Circle-Graves, Mycen �
III. Wall of Sixth City, Troy
IV. The Lion Gate, Mycen �
V. (1) Vaulted Passage in Wall, Tiryns; (2) Beehive Tomb
(Treasury of Atreus), Mycen �
VI. The Cup-Bearer, Knossos
VII. The Long Gallery, Knossos
VIII. A Magazine with Jars and Kaselles, Knossos
IX. (1) Magazine with Jars and Kaselles; (2) Great Jar with
Trickle Ornament X. (1) Part of Dolphin Fresco; (2) A Great Jar, Knossos
XI. Pillar of the Double Axes
XII. (1) Minoan Paved Road; (2) North Entrance, Knossos
XIII. Relief of Bull's Head
XIV. Clay Tablet with Linear Script, Knossos
XV. (1) Palace Wall, West Side, Mount Juktas in Background;
(2) Bathroom, Knossos
XVI. A Flight of the Quadruple Staircase; (2) Wall with Drain
XVII. (1) Hall of the Double Axes; (2) Great Staircase, Knossos
XVIII. The King's Gaming-Board
XIX. Ivory Figurines
XX. (1) Main Drain, Knossos; (2) Terra-cotta Drain-Pipes
XXI. Theatral Area, Knossos: Before Restoration
XXII. Theatral Area, Knossos: Restored
XXIII. Great Jar with Papyrus Reliefs
XXIV. The Royal Villa: (1) The Basilica; (2) Stone Lamp
XXV. (1) Knossos Valley; (2) Excavating at Knossos
XXVI. Great Staircase, Ph stos �
XXVII. The Harvester Vase, Hagia Triada
XXVIII. Sarcophagus from Hagia Triada
XXIX. Minoan Pottery
XXX. Late Minoan Vase from Mycen �
XXXI. Kamares Vases from Ph stos and Hagia Triada �
XXXII. Goldsmiths' Work from Beehive Tombs, Ph stos �
SKETCH MAP OF CRETE
PLAN OF KNOSSOS
[Illustration: SKETCH MAP OF CRETE To Illustrate THE SEA KINGS OF
CRETE BY The Rev. James Baikie, F.R.A.S.]
THE SEA-KINGS OF CRETE
AND THE
PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION OF GREECE
CHAPTER I
THE LEGENDS
The resurrection of the prehistoric age of Greece, and the disclosure
of the astonishing standard of civilization which had been attained
on the mainland and in the isles of the gean at a period at least �
2,000 years earlier than that at which Greek history, as hitherto
understood, begins, may be reckoned as among the most interesting
results of modern research into the relics of the life of past
ages. The present generation has witnessed remarkable discoveries in
Mesopotamia and in Egypt, but neither Niffur nor Abydos disclosed a
world so entirely new and unexpected as that which has been revealed
by the work of Schliemann and his successors at Troy, Mycen , and �
Tiryns, and by that of Evans and the other explorers--Italian,
British, and American--in Crete. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian
discoveries traced back a little farther streams which had already
been followed far