X toolkit intrinsics reference manual

O'Reilly Media, O'Reilly & Associates, Mark Langley

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• Publié par: ponos
• Nombre de lectures: 25
• Langue: English

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The Definitive Guides to the X Wi System  Volume Five X Toolkit In sics  Reference Manual for X Version 11 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. IABRARY COl Volume Five X Toolkit Intrinsics Reference Manual for Version 11 of the X Window System Edited by Tim O'Reilly Introduction by Mark Langley O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Table of Contents Page Preface ........................................................................ .............................................................. vii Chapter I Introduction ................................................................... ................................... 1 Permuted Index .......................................................................... .......................................... 19 Section 1: X Toolkit Intrinsics Functions and Macros ..................................... 37 Section 2: Prototype Procedures ..................................................................... .......... 267 Section 3: Intrinsics-mandated Widget Classes ................................................. Section 4: Athena Widgets ........................................................................ ................... 355 Section 5: Appendices ..................................................................... ................................ 409 A Alphabetical and Group Summaries .......................................................................... 411 B X Toolkit Data Types .......................................................................... ........................... 423 C Event Reference ...................................................................... ....................................... 435 D Standard Errors and Warnings ....................................................................... ............ 491 E Resource File Format ......................................................................... ........................... 497 F Translation Table Syntax ......................................................................... ..................... 499 G StringDefs.h Header File ........................................................................... ................... 507 H Release Notes .......................................................................... ........................................ 513 Master Index .......................................................................... .............................................. 519 Table of Contents v Preface About the X Toolkit The X Toolkit is the collective name for two C language subroutine libraries (Xt and Xaw) designed to simplify the development of X Window System applications using reusable com- ponents called widgets. Typical widgets include scrollbars, menus, dialog boxes, text-editing areas, drawing areas, etc. Each widget is made up of its own X window, but most of the work that goes on in that window has already been taken care of---all the application programmer has to do is assemble the widgets and write application-specific code that will be called in response to events in the widgets. The Xt library (the Intrinsics) consists of routines for using and building widgets. Widgets are defined using an object-oriented classing mechanism. The Xaw widget library is based on Xt and provides a small number of widgets that can be used to write simple application programs. The Xt Intrinsics are written using Xlib, the lowest level C language interface to the X Win- dow System. Both the Xt Intrinsics and Xlib are required by the X standard (established by the X Consortium) on any system that allows programming of X applications. Xaw was developed by MIT's Project Athena, and the acronym Xaw stands for Athena Widg- ets. Primarily, Xaw was designed as a simple demonstration and test of the Intrinsicsmnot as a complete set of widgets for writing demanding applications. There are numerous other widget sets provided by system vendors to implement particular user-interface styles. Most notably, HP has supplied a fairly extensive widget set (referred to as the HP Widgets) that is also provided on the MIT X release tape. In the future, though, the dominant widget set is likely to be one provided by OSF, as part of a product called OSF/Motif. Motif includes a widget set based on the I-IP Widgets and an extended version of the Intrinisics developed by Digital Equipment Corporation. There will also be widget sets that implement an AT&T user interface standard called OPEN LOOK. The X Toolkit Intrinsics will work the same way with any of these Xt-compatible widget sets. In fact, it is possible, though not always aesthetically or economically desirable, to combine widgets from different widget sets in the same application.* *Note that there are other X toolkits (note the lower-case "t" in "toolkits") that have nothing whatever to do with the X Toolkit (Xt), except that they have similar goals--namely, to make it easier to write standard X applications. These toolkits include Andrew (from Carnegie-Mellon University), InterViews (from Stanford), and Xview (from Sun). These are not merely different widget sets but are entirely different toolkits. They are not compatible with Xt. Preface vii About This Book This book is the fifth volume in the O'Reilly & Associates X Window System Series. It includes reference pages for each of the Xt Intrinsics functions, for useful macros and func- tion prototypes, for the base widget classes defined by the Intrinsics, and for the Athena Widgets. Reference pages are organized alphabetically for ease of access; a permuted index and numerous appendices and quick reference aids are also provided. Volumes Four and Five are designed to be used together. Volume 4 provides an explanation of the X Toolkit, including tutorial material and numerous programming examples. Arranged by task or topic, each chapter brings together a group of X Toolkit functions, describes the conceptual foundation they are based on, and illustrates how they are most often used in writ- ing applications. This volume is structured so as to be useful as a tutorial and also as a task- oriented reference. To get the most out of the examples in Volume Four, you will need the exact calling sequences of each function from Volume Five. To understand fully how to use each of the functions described in Volume Five, all but the most experienced Toolkit "hacker" will need the explanation and examples in Volume Four. Even though the Toolkit is intended to hide the low-level X interface provided by Xlib, there are times in writing widgets when Xlib functions will be necessary because no Xt feature exists to do the same thing. Volume Four describes the most common occasions for using Xlib but does not provide a reference to the particular functions involved. For that, see Vol- ume One, Xlib Programming Manual, and Volume Two, Xlib Reference Manual. How This Book is Organized Volume Five consists of reference pages for Toolkit functions. It also contains numerous helpful appendices. The book is organized as follows: Preface describes the organization of the book, and the conventions it follows. Chapter 1, Introduction, provides an overview of the functional areas the reference pages fall into. Permuted Index provides a standard UNIX ptx for all reference pages, regardless of section. Section 1, X Toolkit lntrinsics Functions and Macros, contains reference pages for the Intrinsics functions and macros. The header on each reference page states whether the function applies to using or building widgets, but all are organ- ized alphabetically. Section 2, Prototype Procedures, lists the prototypes used for declaring application callback routines, actions, widget methods, and other user-supplied func- tions. Section 3, lntrinsics-mandated Widget Classes, contains reference pages for the required widget classes--Core, Composite, Constraint, and Shell. viii X Toolkit Intrinsics Reference Manual Section 4, Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D, Appendix E, Appendix F, Appendix G, Appendix H, Master Index Athena Widgets, contains reference pages for the Athena widgets. Alphabetical and Group Summaries, provides quick reference tables that list each Intrinsics function alphabetically and by logical groups. X Toolkit Data Types, lists and explains, in alphabetical order, the struc- tures, enums and other typedefs used for arguments to Xt functions and macros. Event Reference, describes each event type in a reference page format. Each page includes information on how to select the events, when they are generated, the contents of the event structures, and notes on how to use them. Standard Errors and Warnings, lists the possible errors or warnings returned by the X Toolkit, along with their possible cause. Resource File Format, explains the EBNF syntax used the resource file. Translation Table Syntax, explains the EBNF syntax used the translation table. It discusses modifiers and event types. StringsDefs.h Header File, groups the identifiers found in StringDefs.h. Release Notes, summarizes the changes between these two releases. provides a thorough, combined index to Volumes Four and Five, making it easy to look up all the appropriate references to a topic, in either volume. Assumptions This book makes no assumptions about the reader's knowledge of object-oriented proam- ming or the X Window System. However, for many advanced topics, the reader will need to consult the earlier volumes in this series--Volume One, Xlib Programming Manual, and Volume Two, Xlib Reference Manual. Readers should be proficient in the C pro amming language, although examples are  pro- vided for infrequently used features of the language that are necessary or useful when pro- gramming with the X Toolkit. In addition