Contested Nature

Description

How can the international conservation movement protect biological diversity, while at the same time safeguarding the rights and fulfilling the needs of people, particularly the poor? Contested Nature argues that to be successful in the long-term, social justice and biological conservation must go hand in hand. The protection of nature is a complex social enterprise, and much more a process of politics, and of human organization, than ecology. Although this political complexity is recognized by practitioners, it rarely enters into the problem analyses that inform conservation policy. Structured around conceptual chapters and supporting case studies that examine the politics of conservation in specific contexts, the book shows that pursuing social justice enhances biodiversity conservation rather than diminishing it, and that the fate of local peoples and that of conservation are completely intertwined.

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1. CONTESTED NATURE
Conservation and Development at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century
Peter R. Wilshusen, Steven R. Brechin, Crystal L. Fortwangler, Patrick C. West

PART I: POLITICS, POWER, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

2. THE WINDING ROAD
Incorporating Social Justice and Human Rights into Protected Area Policies
Crystal L. Fortwangler

3. EXPLORING THE POLITICAL CONTOURS OF CONSERVATION
A Conceptual View of Power in Practice
Peter R. Wilshusen

4. WANDERING BOUNDARIES AND ILLEGAL RESIDENTS
The Political Ecology of Protected Area Deforestation in South Sumatra Indonesia from 1979 to 1992
Steven R. Brechin

5. TERRITORY, NATURE, AND CULTURE
Negotiating the Boundaries of Biodiversity Conservation in Colombia's Pacific Coastal Region
Peter R. Wilshusen

6. UNMASKING THE "LOCAL"
Gender, Community, and the Politics of Community-Based Rural Ecotourism in Belize
Jill M. Belsky

7. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ECOTOURISM
Pendjari National Park and Ecotourism Concentration in Northern Benin
Patrick C. West, Crystal L. Fortwangler, Valentin Agbo, Michael Simsik, Nestor Sokpon

8. PRIVATIZING CONSERVATION
Jeffrey Langholz

9. THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF BIOPROSPECTING IN AMAZONIAN ECUADOR
History, Political Economy, and Knowledge
Michael K. Dorsey

PART II: INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
Conceptual Tools for Constructing Biodiversity Conservation with Social Justice

10. CRAFTING CONSERVATION GLOBALLY AND LOCALLY
Complex Organizations and Governance Regimes
Steven R. Brechin, Peter R. Wilshusen, Charles E. Benjamin

11. THE REGIONAL APPROACH IN NORTHERN MADAGASCAR
Moving Beyond Integrated Conservation and Development
Lisa L. Gezon

12. SCALING UP FROM THE GRASSROOTS
NGO Networks and the Challenges of Organizational Maintenance in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula,
Peter R. Wilshusen, Raúl E. Murguía

13. YOUR PARK, MY POVERTY
Using Impact Assessment to Counter the Displacement Effects of Environmental Greenlining
Charles Geisler

14. THE CHALLENGES AND REWARDS OF COMMUNITY-BASED COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
San Salvador Island, Philippines
Patrick Christie, Delma Buhat, Len R. Garces, Alan T. White

15. THE ROAD LESS TRAVELED
Toward Nature Protection with Social Justice
Steven R. Brechin, Peter R. Wilshusen, Crystal L. Fortwangler, Patrick C. West

WORKS CITED

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

INDEX

Sujets

• Political economy
• Central
• National

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780791486542
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

C O N T E S T E D N A T U R E

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C O N T E S T E D N A T U R E

Promoting International Biodiversity Conservation With Social Justice in the Twentyfirst Century

edited by

S T E V E N R . B R E C H I N P E T E R R . W I L S H U S E N C R Y S T A L L . F O R T WA N G L E R P A T R I C K C . W E S T

S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f N e w Yo r k P r e s s

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

© 2003 State University of New York

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, address State University of New York Press, 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207

Production, Laurie Searl Marketing, Jennifer Giovani

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contested nature : promoting international biodiversity with social justice in the twenty-first century / edited by Steven R. Brechin . . . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index (p. ). ISBN 0-7914-5775-3 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7914-5776-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Protected areas—Social aspects—Developing countries. 2. Protected areas—Political aspects—Developing countries. 3. Biological diversity conservation—Social aspects—Developing countries. 4. Biological diversity conservation—Political aspects—Developing countries. I. Brechin, Steven R., 1953–

S944.5.P78C65 2003 333.95'16'091724—dc21

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2002044774

Contents

P REFACE , ix

A CKNOWLEDGMENTS , xv

C HAPTER O NE CONTESTED NATURE Conservation and Development at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century, 1 Peter R. Wilshusen, Steven R. Brechin, Crystal L. Fortwangler, Patrick C. West

PART I P OLITICS , P OWER , AND S OCIAL J USTICE IN B IODIVERSITY C ONSERVATION

C HAPTER T WO THE WINDING ROAD Incorporating Social Justice and Human Rights into Protected Area Policies, 25 Crystal L. Fortwangler

C HAPTER T HREE EXPLORING THE POLITICAL CONTOURS OF CONSERVATION A Conceptual View of Power in Practice, 41 Peter R. Wilshusen

vi

CONTESTED NATURE

C HAPTER F OUR WANDERING BOUNDARIES AND ILLEGAL RESIDENTS The Political Ecology of Protected Area Deforestation in South Sumatra Indonesia from 1979 to 1992, 59 Steven R. Brechin

C HAPTER F IVE TERRITORY, NATURE, AND CULTURE Negotiating the Boundaries of Biodiversity Conservation in Colombia’s Pacific Coastal Region, 73 Peter R. Wilshusen

C HAPTER S IX UNMASKING THE “LOCAL” Gender, Community, and the Politics of Community-Based Rural Ecotourism in Belize, 89 Jill M. Belsky

C HAPTER S EVEN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ECOTOURISM Pendjari National Park and Ecotourism Concentration in Northern Benin, 103 Patrick C. West, Crystal L. Fortwangler, Valentin Agbo, Michael Simsik, Nestor Sokpon

C HAPTER E IGHT PRIVATIZING CONSERVATION, 117 Jeffrey Langholz

C HAPTER N INE THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF BIOPROSPECTING IN AMAZONIAN ECUADOR History, Political Economy, and Knowledge, 137 Michael K. Dorsey

CONTENTS

PART II I NSTITUTIONS , O RGANIZATIONS , AND P ARTICIPATORY P ROCESSES Conceptual Tools for Constructing Biodiversity Conservation with Social Justice

C HAPTER T EN CRAFTING CONSERVATION GLOBALLY AND LOCALLY Complex Organizations and Governance Regimes, 159

Steven R. Brechin, Peter R. Wilshusen, Charles E. Benjamin

C HAPTER E LEVEN

vii

THE REGIONAL APPROACH IN NORTHERN MADAGASCAR Moving Beyond Integrated Conservation and Development, 183

Lisa L. Gezon

C HAPTER T WELVE SCALING UP FROM THE GRASSROOTS NGO Networks and the Challenges of Organizational Maintenance in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, 195 Peter R. Wilshusen, Raúl E. Murguía

C HAPTER T HIRTEEN

YOUR PARK, MY POVERTY Using Impact Assessment to Counter the Displacement Effects of Environmental Greenlining, 217

Charles Geisler

C HAPTER F OURTEEN

THE CHALLENGES AND REWARDS OF COMMUNITY-BASED COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT San Salvador Island, Philippines, 231

Patrick Christie, Delma Buhat, Len R. Garces, Alan T. White

viii

CONTESTED NATURE

C HAPTER F IFTEEN THE ROAD LESS TRAVELED Toward Nature Protection with Social Justice, 251 Steven R. Brechin, Peter R. Wilshusen, Crystal L. Fortwangler, Patrick C. West

W ORKS C ITED , 271

L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS , 311

I NDEX , 315

Preface

In 1991, Patrick C. West and I edited a well-received volume on the social dimensions related to international biodiversity conservation entitled,Resident People and National Parks(University of Arizona Press). It was an early attempt to highlight the social considerations and consequences of nature protection activities throughout the world, including some of its darker tendencies. Since that book was released, human population has increased dramatically; there are one billion more mouths to feed since 1991, from 5.3 to 6.3 billion. Most of these people are found within the economically impoverished but biologically rich tropical countries of the developing world. Like most of us, they want only a better life for themselves and their families. While the number of animal and plant species has decreased rapidly, the number of protected areas, IUCN cat- egories I–V, designed in part to protect them, has skyrocketed from slightly less than seven thousand in 1991 to more than twenty-eight thousand in 2000, protecting around 6.4 percent of the world’s land areas, up from 4.8 percent in 1991 (these figures do not include the hundreds of marine protected areas, biosphere reserves, World Heritage Sites, or wetlands of international impor- tance). These noteworthy events have been compounded by a myriad of com- mercial and other economic development related activities and schemes, large and small, which have placed even greater demands on scarce natural resources and ecological systems. As a consequence, the growing demands on the earth’s limited capacities have only intensified. Access to nature’s bounty is being con- tested at many levels by many sources. The future will only bring more com- petition over access, not less. This challenge of finding the right balance between protecting nature and providing for the needs of poor people and economic development in impov- erished countries has been also marked in recent years by the incredible explo- sion of books and articles on this critical subject. This explosion only attests to the urgency and complexity of the matter. In spite of greater social enlight- enment and humanization related to protected area creation and management

ix