Activating Democracy in Brazil

Brian Wampler

Description

In 1988, Brazil’s Constitution marked the formal establishment of a new democratic regime. In the ensuing two and a half decades, Brazilian citizens, civil society organizations, and public officials have undertaken the slow, arduous task of building new institutions to ensure that Brazilian citizens have access to rights that improve their quality of life, expand their voice and vote, change the distribution of public goods, and deepen the quality of democracy. Civil society activists and ordinary citizens now participate in a multitude of state-sanctioned institutions, including public policy management councils, public policy conferences, participatory budgeting programs, and legislative hearings. Activating Democracy in Brazil examines how the proliferation of democratic institutions in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, has transformed the way in which citizens, CSOs, and political parties work together to change the existing state.

According to Wampler, the 1988 Constitution marks the formal start of the participatory citizenship regime, but there has been tremendous variation in how citizens and public officials have carried it out. This book demonstrates that the variation results from the interplay of five factors: state formation, the development of civil society, government support for citizens’ use of their voice and vote, the degree of public resources available for spending on services and public goods, and the rules that regulate forms of participation, representation, and deliberation within participatory venues. By focusing on multiple democratic institutions over a twenty-year period, this book illustrates how the participatory citizenship regime generates political and social change.

Sujets

• Political Ideologies
• Political Science
• Latin American
• HISTORY
• América del Sur
• South America
• Latin America
• Politics of Brazil
• World
• Democracy
• Caribbean
• Belo Horizonte

Informations

• Publié par: University of Notre Dame Press
• Date de parution: 15 avril 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780268096731
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

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ACTIVATING DEMOCRACY IN BRAZILWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:00 PM Page ii
RECENT TITLES FROM THE HELEN KELLOGG INSTITUTE
FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Scott Mainwaring, series editor
The University of Notre Dame Press gratefully thanks the Helen Kellogg Institute for
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1880–1940 (2013)
For a complete list of titles from the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies,
see http://www.undpress.nd.eduWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:00 PM Page iii
ACTIVATING DEMOCRACY
IN BRAZIL
Popular Participation, Social Justice,
and Interlocking Institutions
Brian Wampler
University of Notre Dame Press
Notre Dame, IndianaCopyright © 2015 by the University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
www.undpress.nd.edu
All Rights Reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wampler, Brian.
Activating democracy in Brazil : popular Participation, Social Justice,
and Interlocking Institutions / Brian Wampler.
pages cm. —
(From the helen kellogg institute for international studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-268-04430-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) —
ISBN 0-268-04430-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-0-268-09673-1 (e-book)
1. Democracy—Brazil. 2. Political participation—Brazil.
3. Social justice—Brazil. I. Title.
JL2481.W36 2015
320.981—dc23
2014047955
∞ The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence
and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines
for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.Wampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:00 PM Page v
FOR SEBASTIAN AND GINGER:
for your curiosity in exploring new places, cultures, and ideas
for helping me to see Brazil with fresh eyesWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:00 PM Page viWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:00 PM Page vii
Contents
List of Abbreviations ix
List of Tables and Figures xi
Acknowledgments xiii
 Activating Democracy in Brazil 1
 Establishing the Participatory Citizenship Regime 33
 Rebuilding the Local State 63
 Innovation and Renewal of Participatory Budgeting 93
 Councils and Conferences: Health Care, Housing, 131
and Social Services
 Transforming the Engagement of Civil Society 169
Organizations: Adopting New Strategies in the
Participatory Citizenship Regime
 Transforming Favelas 209
 Activating Democracy: Belo Horizonte and Beyond 245
Notes 273
References 277
Index 293Wampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:00 PM Page viiiWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:01 PM Page ix
Abbreviations
BNDES Brazilian Development Bank (Banco Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social)
CEB ecclesial base community (comunidade eclesiais de base)
DEM Democrats (Democratas)
HDI Human Development Index
IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística)
IQVU Index of the Quality of Urban Life (Índice de Qualidade de
Vida Urbana)
MDB Brazilian Democratic Movement (Movimento Democrático
Brasileiro)
MST Landless Workers’ Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhores
Sem Terra)
NGO nongovernmental organization
PB participatory budgeting (orçamento participativo)
PCB Brazilian Communist Party (Partido Comunista Brasileiro)
PC do B Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Comunista do Brazil)
PDS Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata)
ixWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:01 PM Page x
x Abbreviations
PDT Democratic Workers’ Party (Partido Democrático Trabalhista)
PFL Liberal Front Party (Partido de Frente Liberal)
PMDB Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (Partido do
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro)
PSB Socialist Party of Brazil
PSDB Brazilian Social Democratic Party (Partido da Social
Democracia Brasiliera)
PT Workers’ Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores)
PTB Brazilian Labor Party (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro)
TSE Tribunal Superior EleitoralWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:01 PM Page xi
Tables and Figures
TABLES
1.1 Participatory Design Principles to Promote Social Justice 25
1.2 Basic Social Indicators in Major Brazilian Cities 26
3.1 Mayoral Vote: First Round, 1992– 2008 69
3.2 Mayoral Vote: Second Round, 1992– 2008 69
3.3 Party Affiliation of Mayor and Vice Mayor 70
3.4 Budget Amendments Presented by Belo Horizonte City
Council Members, 2003– 2010 74
3.5 Public Policy Management Councils: Venues and Formal
Representation for Citizens, Government Officials,
and Unions in 2009– 2010 79
3.6 Participatory Budgeting, 2008– 2009 80
4.1 Number of Participants in Participatory Budgeting 110
4.2 Demographic Profile of Participatory Budgeting Delegates 111
4.3 Resources Allocated through Participatory Budgeting,
1994– 2012 112
4.4 Resource Allocation across Communities, 1994– 2008 113
4.5 Distribution of Participatory Budgeting Projects by Policy
Sector, 1994– 2010 116
4.6 Participatory Budgeting Housing Participants 122
4.7 Participation in Participatory Budgeting Digital 125
4.8 Distribution of Participation in Participatory Budgeting
Digital by IQVU, 2006 126
xiWampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:01 PM Page xii
xii Tables and Figures
5.1 Public Policy Management Councils and Seats, 2009– 2010 142
5.2 Distribution of Seats by Civil Society Sector
(Municipal Level) 142
5.3 Distribution of Regional-Level Seats 144
5.4 Distribution of Local-Level Seats 144
6.1 Demographic Profile of Survey Respondents 180
6.2 Internal Activities of CSOs 183
6.3 Formal Contracts to Provide Service 184
6.4 CSO Contacts with Other Associations 185
6.5 Engaging in Participatory Democracy Venues 186
6.6 Contact with Municipal Legislature 189
6.7 Contact with Mayoral Administration Officials 191
6.8 Campaign Activities 193
6.9 Demonstrations and Contentious Politics 195
7.1 CSOs in Morro de Papagaio and Alto Vera Cruz 213
7.2 Demographic Profile of Citizens 234
7.3 Activity within Civil Society 237
7.4 Access to Public Institutions 239
7.5 Sharing Information 240
7.6 Campaigns and Elections 241
8.1 Participatory Budgeting, 1989–2 012 (Municipalities with
at Least 50,000 Residents) 262
8.2 Public Policy Management Councils in Brazil 264
8.3 Municipalities Voluntarily Adopting Councils 265
8.4 Voluntarily Adopting Councils (by Municipality Size) 266
FIGURES
1.1 Interlocking Institutions 20
3.1 Distribution of Seats on Belo Horizonte’s Municipal Council,
1997–2 012 71
3.2 Belo Horizonte’s Municipal Budget, 1999–2 008 73
4.1 Participation Flow with Participatory Budgeting 98
4.2 Resource Allocation in Micro-Regions, 2002– 2008 118
5.1 Activation of the Participatory Citizenship Regime: Outcomes
Across Six New Democratic Institutions 168Wampler-00FM_Layout 1 3/28/15 7:01 PM Page xiii
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to a number of individuals and institutions for their
support over the six-year period that involved applying for research support,
conducting research, analyzing the results, and drafting the book. I was
fortunate to live in Brazil during two key phases of working on this book,
conducting research during the 2009– 2010 academic year and the final
revision stage in 2014.
To support the research, Boise State University provided me with
sabbatical leave and research funding to hire research assistants and
adminis