Bulwark of the Old Regime

Clément Chevalier, Neil Kent

Description

In 1740, the French King Louis XV granted his Swedish-led forces the title of Royal Swedish Regiment, for which it received the same privileges as all royal regiments, including the protection of the king, new flags, and ordinance. Louis XV acted to fulfill a request of King Fredrik I of Sweden and to demonstrate his satisfaction with the great value shown by the regiment in battle. This intriguing book traces the history of this storied regiment throughout its service, including during the American War of Independence, and up to the time of the French Revolution of 1789.

Sujets

• Political Science
• Eighteenth-Century Studies
• Sweden
• French Army
• Louis XV of France
• Suède
• World
• European
• History
• Louis XV de France
• France
• Europe

Informations

• Publié par: Academica Press
• Date de parution: 06 avril 2023
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781680538526
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 18 Mo

Extrait

Bulwark of the Old Regime:
France’s Royal Swedish Regiment in the French and American Revolutions
Neil Kent
Clément Chevalier
Academica Press
Washington~London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kent, Neil (author) | Chevalier, Clément (author)
Title: Bulwark of the old regime : france’s royal swedish regiment in the french and american revolutions | Neil Kent and Clément Chevalier
Description: Washington : Academica Press, 2023. | Includes references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023930191 | ISBN 9781680538502 (hardcover) | 9781680538526 (e-book)
Copyright 2023 Neil Kent and Clément Chevalier
Bretagne, Lyonnais, immortal Legions.
And you, brave Germans, who from the icy lands of the North Leaving your sovereigns without being unfaithful to them, Come, under our flags, to give, to brave death.
- Le Michaud d’Arçon, Jean,
“Ode sur la prise du Fort Saint-Philippe,” Histoire du siège de Gibraltar
Contents Introduction Chapter 1: Swedish Forces Change Sides The Nine Years War The Battle of Fleurus Military Action in Catalonia Siege of Barcelona The Treaty of Ryswick War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) The Battle of Blenheim and its Consequences The War of the Polish Succession The War of the Austrian Succession The Seven Years War 1756-63 End of the Seven Years War The American Revolution (1775-83) Fersen in America First Phase of the French-American Join Military Engagement Second Phase of the Joint French-American Military Engagement PHASE 3: The Siege of Yorktown Swedish Officers in the American Revolution The Sieges of Gibraltar (1779-83) and Minorca (1781-82) The Surrender of Minorca (1782) End of the American War of Independence After Varennes The End of the RSR Index
Introduction
During the second half of the seventeenth century, Sweden was at the pinnacle of its territorial expanse and military power. Much of its success was due to its king, Gustav II Adolf (1594-1634), “the Lion of the North,” who himself had fallen at the otherwise victorious Battle of Lützen, during the Thirty Years War (1618-48). Often perceived as a war between the Catholic and Protestant states of Europe, it was, in reality, more of a dynastic confrontation between two Catholic powers: the Bourbon monarchy of France, and its ally Sweden, against Habsburg Austria and its allies within the Holy Roman Empire. Although it was in relative terms the most devastating war Europe ever experienced, at its conclusion Sweden had greatly increase in size, influence and, prestige.
A variety of research has been carried out on France’s Royal Swedish regiment, which played a major role under the ancien régime. Most studies are based on the memoirs of those who served in it and the impressions made on their contemporaries, peers, and families. Tactical treatises, so copious during this period, when military technology and tactics were constantly modified and improved, are also important sources. The Seven Years War (1756-63), in which the regiment played an important part, was arguably the world’s first global war, with conflict taking place across the world. So, too, was the role of the Chevalier Jean Le Michaud d’Arçon, a military engineer who was tasked with devising an attack on the British fortifications at Gibraltar. As he would later opine:
Our writers seem too little educated about our military constitution and the history of our troops. Why have none of them yet undertaken to write it? Our regiments are well worth the Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, and the Macedonian Phalanx, whose exaggerated exploits constantly tire our ears. Why has poetry not yet devoted its accents to the deserved praise of the defenders of the Fatherland? Chevert and d’Assas were as brave as Cynegirus and Regulus. Why do we only ever speak of the Ancients with ridiculous enthusiasm, and leave in oblivion those of the Moderns who have honored their country or who have died in its defense? 1
Sweden, a country in which Lutheranism was the established religion and the practice of Catholicism outside of embassies a capital crime, was, nonetheless, France’s closest ally from the Thirty Years War until the French Revolution. With the defeat of King Charles XII, the warrior king, in his wars against Russia’s emperor Peter the Great, Sweden’s role as a great military power came to an end. The Treaty of Nystad, which ended hostilities on September 10, 1721, gave proof of this fact. Russian troops departed from occupied Finland, while Sweden transferred Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, Kexholm, and the Karelian Isthmus to Russia, receiving in exchange some two million silver thalers.
As the French monarchist politician, essayist, poet, and philosopher Viscount Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald put it:
The Swedes, allies of France, had the most disciplined army in Germany that had ever existed since Caesar’s legions. They were almost always sure, says one author of the time, either to defeat those who opposed their valor, or to make perish with their patience those who would avoid combat. They waged war in all seasons of the year, and they subsisted for three months in quarters where the Imperial Army could not have lived for eight days. This was a result of the professional improvements and regulations brought in by King Gustav Adolf during the Thirty Years War, making it the Western world’s most efficient army of its time. 2
With the conclusion of the Thirty Years War, France’s military and political influence in Europe had reached new heights. Furthermore, its relationship with Protestant Sweden had furthered its interests by giving it an ally within the politically weak Holy Roman Empire, since Sweden now had territory within it. Ultimately, France was able to expand at the expense of the German states, in part, because of this. The Viscount de Bonald had much praise for Sweden’s fighting forces:
The brave Swedes who had been the honor of their country and the terror of Germany, born in war, raised in war, raised for war, perished in war, and very few saw their homeland again. The remnants of these valiant troops passed into the service of France, where their name and spirit were perpetuated in the two regiments of Royal-Suédois and Royal-Allemand. 3
Yet the reality was somewhat different. During the Thirty Years War and after, most fighting men in the Royal Swedish Regiment were not Swedes, but mercenaries from all over Europe. The age of conscription and patriotism had not yet come.
From the time of the reign of King Louis XIV (1643-1715), nearly one-third of the French military consisted of foreigners. This was not unusual at the time, since the military forces of all states employed large components of mercenaries. Arguably the most important were the Swiss Guards, who were the personal bodyguards of the King of France up to the end of old regime in 1792. Accustomed to the rigors of the mountains, they were famed throughout Europe for their courage, discipline, and ferocity. Even today, they still guard the Pope. Also important was the German Brigade, which at first only included a regiment from Alsace but later included the Swedish Regiment. After the conclusion of the Thirty Years War, Sweden’s territories in Germany, that is, within the Holy Roman Empire, included, Swedish Pomerania (1630-1815), Bremen and Verden (1648-1719), and Wismar (1648-1903, albeit leased to Mecklenburg from 1803). There was also a British contingent after the Glorious Revolution which saw King James II flee to France, in 1688, and which included both Irish and Scottish guardsmen who had gone into exile in the so-called “flight of the wild geese” as it was colloquially known. From 1671, there was a Royal Italian Regiment and from 1739, a Royal Corsican one as well. Finally, there was a regiment of light cavalry, the Hussars, established in 1692, which was increasingly composed of men who had fled Hungary during the revolt of Francis Rakoczi, Prince of Transylvania, against the Austrians, which last from 1703 to 1711. Highly valued for not only their abilities but their cost effectiveness, Étienne-François, Duc de Choiseul famously quipped that “the acquisition of one foreign soldier was equivalent to three men: one who was bought, one who was prevented from being bought by the enemy, and one kept for agriculture.” 4
Some of these men were deserters from other armies, while some were simply volunteers seeking work, often from smaller states on the periphery of Austrian or Prussian territories. The higher officers of these regiments tended to be German or Sweden, but the lower ones were often Alsatian. Loyalty among the ordinary soldiery was limited and desertion was frequent. As an old ditty of the ancien régime put it:
My father is a Soldier of the King
My mother is a foreigner
Give me the King’s penny
So I can win over the baker.
1 Jean Le Michaud d’Arçon, “Ode sur la prise du Fort Saint-Philippe,” Histoire du siège de Gibraltar (Paris, 1783), p. 104 2 Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, Législation primitive, considérée dans les derniers temps par les seules lumières de la raison, Vol. 3 (Paris, 1802). 3 Ibid. 4 Quoted in Eugène Fieffé, Histoire des troupes étrangères au service de la France: depuis leur origine jusqu’à nos jours, Vol.1 (Paris, 1991, 1 st ed. 1854).
Chapter 1: Swedish Forces Change Sides
The Nine Years War
In the wake of his partially successful Dutch War (1672-1678), King Louis XIV’s objective was to consolidate France’s northwestern border against the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. As a preliminary measure, he occupied the Archbishopric of Cologne. He also sought to secure the French state internally and in 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes, which in the previous century had granted religious toleration to Protestants. A pan-European alliance known as the League of Augsburg, formed by the Netherlands, England and Scotland, the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Savoy, Portugal, Spain, and finally Sweden, stood in opposition to the king