Caught Between Borders

Marc Vincent

Description

Internally displaced persons are those who have been forced to flee their homes and who do not cross an internationally recognised border. Unlike refugees, they have no organisation to deal with their plight. Very little is known about how people respond to the experience of displacement.



This is the first book to put together information on the networks that people have evolved for coping in such situations. Examining those people who have become IDPs as the result of violence and war, it uses case studies from different countries, different settings and different phases of displacement.



The authors identify cross-cultural patterns of coping strategies, examine whether these strategies are effective and highlight to what extent they are dependent upon culture or the experience of displacement. This is a practical handbook that will help international organisations formulate their relief plans to support - rather than inadvertently damage - existing coping mechanisms.



Case studies include Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Burma, Colombia, Georgia, Sri Lanka, Serbia, Sudan and Uganda.
Acknowledgements

Foreword

Introduction and Background

1. Africa

Angola: 'Deslocados' in the Province of Huambo

Burundi: Developing Strategies for Self-Reliance, A Study of Displacement in Four Provinces

Sudan: The Unique Challenges of Displacement in Khartoum

Uganda: The Resilience of Tradition, Displaced Acholi in Kitgum

2. Asia

Afghanistan: Displaced in a Devastated Country

Burma: Displaced Karens, Like Water on Khu Leaf

Sri Lanka: Developing New Livelihoods in the Shadow of War, Displaced, Relocated and Resettled Muslims

3. Latin America

Colombia: Creating Peace Amid the Violence, The Church, NGOs and the Displaced

4. Europe

Georgia: Coping by Organizing, Displaced Georgians from Abkhazia

Yugoslavia: Displacement from Kosovo, From Patronage to Self-Help

Conclusion

Contributors

Bibliography

Burundi Annexes

Index

Sujets

• Political Science
• Development studies
• General officer
• Peace
• Development
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 octobre 2001
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781849641302
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Caught
Between Borders
Response Strategies
of the Internally Displaced
Edited by
Marc Vincent and Birgitte Refslund Sorensen
Pluto P Press
LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA
in association withFirst published 2001 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
and 22883 Quicksilver Drive,
Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Norwegian Refugee Council 2001
The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the authors of
this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from
the British Library
ISBN 0 7453 1819 3 hardback
ISBN 0 7453 1818 5 paperback
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Caught between borders : response strategies of the internally displaced
/ edited by Marc Vincent and Birgitte Refslund Sorensen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–7453–1819–3 — ISBN 0–7453–1818–5
1. Refugees. 2. Migration, Internal. 3. Global IDP Survey. I.
Vincent, Marc. II. Sorensen, Birgitte Refslund.
HV640 .C38 2001
325—dc21
2001003500
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
10987654321
Maps by András Bereznay <http://www.historyonmaps.com/>
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by
Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG
Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Towcester
Printed in the European Union by TJ International, Padstow, EnglandContents
List of Tables, Maps and Photos vii
List of Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgements xii
Foreword xiii
Introduction and Background 1
Marc Vincent
Africa
1 Angola: Deslocados in the Province of Huambo 17
Nina M. Birkeland and Alberta Uimbo Gomes
2 Burundi: Developing Strategies for Self-Reliance.
A Study of Displacement in Four Provinces 48
Geneviève Boutin and Salvatore Nkurunziza
3 The Sudan: The Unique Challenges of Displacement
in Khartoum 78
Karen Jacobsen, Sue Lautze and Abdal Monim Kheider Osman
4 Uganda: The Resilience of Tradition. Displaced Acholi
in Kitgum 99
Ambrose Olaa
Asia
5 Afghanistan: Displaced in a Devastated Country 117
Grant Farr
6 Burma: Displaced Karens. Like Water on the Khu Leaf 138
Chris Cusano
7 Sri Lanka: Developing New Livelihoods in the Shadow
of War. Displaced, Relocated and Resettled Muslims 172
Birgitte Refslund Sorensenvi Caught Between Borders
Latin America
8 Colombia: Creating Peace Amid the Violence.
The Church, NGOs and the Displaced 205
Esperanza Hernandez Delgado and Turid Laegreid
Europe
9 Georgia: Coping by Organising.
Displaced Georgians from Abkhazia 227
Julia Kharashvili
10 Yugoslavia: Displacement from Kosovo.
From Patronage to Self-Help 250
Vladimir Ilic
11 Conclusion 266
Birgitte Refslund Sorensen and Marc Vincent
Contributors 283
Bibliography 285
Annex 1: Burundi – Matrix of Coping Strategies (Ruyigi) 301
Annex 2: Burundi – Conflict and Population Displacements 302
Index 305Lists of Tables, Maps and Photos
TABLES
1.1 Displaced persons by province, at 30 September 2000
(Angola) 28
1.2 Summary of the main income-generating activities in the
informal sector for the displaced and host populations
in the city of Huambo in September 2000 (Angola) 37
3.1 Displaced population in official relocation camps in
Greater Khartoum (Sudan) 87
4.1 Abduction in Kitgum district, 1999–2000 (Uganda) 105
4.2 Camp population statistics, Kitgum district, 2000
(Uganda) 107
5.1 Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 120
5.2 Number of displaced by year, reason for displacement,
place and origin (Afghanistan) 124
7.1 Displaced people by district (Sri Lanka) 175
9.1 Ethnic composition of the displaced population in
Georgia 232
MAPS
1. Angola 18
2. Burundi 49
3. Sudan 79
4. Uganda 100
5. Afghanistan 118
6. Burma 139
7. Sri Lanka 173
8. Colombia 206
9. Georgia 228
10. Yugoslavia 251
PHOTOS
1. Displaced persons in Angola 21
2. A family and a widowed woman are forced to leave
their village north of Kabul, Afghanistan 133
3. Internally displaced persons, Sri Lanka 185
viiviii Caught Between Borders
4. Camp for displaced people, Turbo, Colombia 214
5. An internally displaced person from Abkhazia selling
medicines in a Tbilisi market, Georgia 244
6. Large numbers of Sri Lankan civilians have been
repeatedly displaced by the ongoing conflict 270List of Abbreviations
ADRA Acção para Desenvolvimento Rural e Ambiental
AFP Agence France-Presse
AHRC Asian Human Rights Commission
ANC African National Congress
AR Autonomous Republic (of Abkhazia)
ACCU Peasant Farmers Self-Defence Group of Córdoba and
Urabá
BERG Burma Ethnic Research Group
CAD Corpo de Apoio ao Deslocado
CHA Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIDKP Committee for Internally Displaced Karen People
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CODHES Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el
Desplazamiento
DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army
DKBO Democratic Karen Buddhist Organisation
DRC Danish Refugee Council
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
Fbu Burundian Franc
FGM female genital mutilation
FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National
Liberation Front of Angola)
FRODEBU Front Démocratique du Burundi
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEL Georgia Lara
GURN Government of Unity and Reconciliation
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IDEE Institute of Democracy in Eastern Europe
IDP internally displaced persons
IFRC International Federation of the Red Cross
INCORA Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform
IRC International Rescue Committee
ixx Caught Between Borders
IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks
KHRG Karen Human Rights Group
KIC Karen Information Centre
KLA Kosovo Liberation Army
KNLA Karen National Liberation Army
KNU Karen National Union
KORD Karen Organisation for Relief and Development
Ls Sudanese Dinar
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
MINARS Ministry of Social Affairs
MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (People’s
Movement for the Liberation of Angola)
MRRDR Ministère en Charge de la Réinsertion et de la
Réintégration des Déplacés et des Réfugiés
MSF Medécins sans Frontières
MTB Mosque Trustee Board
NGO non-governmental organisation
NIF National Islamic Front
NRA/M National Resistance Army/Movement
NRC Norwegian Refugee Council
NUPI Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
OAU Organization of African Unity
OFP Popular Women’s Organisation of Barrancabermeja
OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
PCS Project Counselling Service
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
RDF Rural Development Foundation
RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal
Rs Sri Lankan Rupees
SPLA Sudanese People’s Liberation Army
UN United Nations
UNCHR United Nations Commission on Human Rights
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund
UNITA União Nacional para Independência Total de Angola
(National Union for Total Independence of Angola)
UNMIK UN Mission in Kosovo
UNOCHA UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
AffairsAbbreviations xi
UNOMIG UN Observer Mission
UNRCO United Nations Resident Coordinator Office
UPDF Uganda Peoples Defence Forces
UPRONA Party of Unity and National Progress
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USCR United States Committee for Refugees
WFP World Food ProgrammeAcknowledgements
We would like to thank the many people who played a part in
producing this book.
Special mention goes to Marilyn Achiron who helped edit the
country chapters. She managed her task with style and
professionalism and accepted our innumerable added requests and changes
without complaint.
We would like to thank the staff of the Global IDP Project and the
Norwegian Refugee Council for their generous support to the project,
and we are grateful to those who offered comments, advice or
assistance along the way, including Brita Sydhoff, Tone Faret, Bjorn
Pettersson and Simone Cosma.
We would also like to thank András Bereznay <http://www.
historyonmaps.com> for preparing the maps.
Lastly, we would like to thank the following donors of the Global
IDP Project who have supported all the activities of the project,
including this publication.
Department for International Development (DFID-UK)
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada
European Community Humanitarian Office
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmarky of Foreign Affairs, Norway
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland
Swedish International Development Agency
International Development and Research Centre, Canada
Norwegian Church Aid
World Vision International
Save the Children UK
It should be noted that the views expressed in this book are those of
the authors alone and do not necessarily represent the views of the
Norwegian Refugee Council or any of the donors of the project.
xiiForeword
Internal displacement has emerged in recent years as one of the most
pressing humanitarian, human rights and political issues facing the
international community. Globally, there are an estimated 20 to 25
million persons who are forcibly displaced within the borders of
their own countries by conflict and human rights violations, often
in acute need of protection and assistance. Millions more are
internally displaced as a result of natural disasters and other causes.
Responding to increasing concern at their numbers and their need
for assistance and protection, the international community has
sought, with varying levels of success, to facilitate a more timely,
predictable and effective response to the challenges facing the
internally displaced. However, to be truly effective in addressing the
crisis at the field level, the international response must acknowledge,
take account of, and supplement the efforts of local and national
authorities. Although national authorities have the primary
responsibility for addressing the needs of their displaced citizens, they often
lack t