Challenges for the Democratisation Process in Tanzania

Jonas Ewald

Description

Tanzania has been independent in 2011 for 50 years. While most neighbouring states have gone through violent conflicts, Tanzania has managed to implement extensive reforms without armed political conflicts, Hence, Tanzania is an interesting case for Peace and Development research. This dissertation analyses the political development in Tanzania since the introduction of the multiparty system in 1992, with a focus on the challenges for the democratisation process in connection with the 2000 and 2005 elections. The question of to what extent Tanzania had moved towards a consolidation of democracy, is analysed by looking at nine different institutions of importance for democratisation grouped in four spheres: the state, the political, civil and economic society. Focus is on the development of the political society, and the role of the opposition in particular. The analysis is based on secondary and primary material collected between September 2000 to April 2010. The main conclusion is that even if the institutions of liberal democracy have gradually developed, in practice single-party rule has continued, manifested in the 2005 election when the CCM won 92% of seats. Despite impressive economic growth, poverty remains deep and has not been substantially reduced. On a theoretical level this brings the old debate between liberal and substantive democracy back to the fore. Neither the economic nor the political reforms have brought about a transformation of the political and economic system resulting in the poor majority gaining substantially more political influence and improved economic conditions. Hence, it is argued that the interface between the economic, political and administrative reforms has not been sufficiently considered in the liberal democratic tradition. Liberal democracy is necessary for a democratic development, but not sufficient for democracy to be consolidated. For that a substantive democratic development is necessary.

Informations

• Publié par: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers
• Date de parution: 24 juillet 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789987082681
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

JONAS

EW AL D CHALLENGES FOR THE

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TIS A TION PR

OC ESS IN T AN ZANIA

CHALLENGES FOR THE DEMOCRATISATION PROCESS IN TANZANIA Moving towards consolidation 50 years after indepencence?

JONAS EWALD

Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania Moving towards consolidation!"years after independence?

Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania

Moving towards consolidation

years after independence?

Jonas Ewald

Doctoral Dissertation in Peace and Development Research School of Global Studies University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden 2011

Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd P. O. Box 4246 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania www.mkukinanyota.com

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ISBN 9789987082506

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To Susanne, my dear wife, and our beloved children Klara and Teodor, who have almost had the dissertation as the!fth member of the family during their childhood."ank you for your love and patience!

And to all the men and women in Tanzania who are struggling to develop democracy despite harsh conditions and huge challenges

Abstract

Key words: Peace and development research, democracy, democratisation, role of opposition, opposition parties, ruling party, elections, civil society, media, trade unions, parliament, poverty reduction, substantial democracy, liberal democracy, interface between political and economic reforms, political change, public sector reforms, local government reforms, decisionmaking, aid, international development cooperation, accountability, role of donors, democratic culture, relations between the executive, representative and judiciary, irontriangle, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Sub Saharan Africa.

Tanzania has been independent in for years. While most neighbouring states have gone through violent con icts, Tanzania has managed to implement extensive reforms without armed political con icts. Hence, Tanzania is an interesting case for Peace and Development research. is thesis analyses the political development in Tanzania since the introduction of the multiparty system in , with a focus on the challenges for the democratisation process in connection with the and elections. e question of to what extent Tanzania has moved towards a consolidation of democracy, is analysed through an analysis of nine di erent institutions of importance for democratisation, grouped in four spheres, the state, the political, civil and economic society. Focus is on the development of the political society, and the role of the opposition in particular. e analysis is based on secondary and primary material collected in the period September to April . e main conclusion is that even if the institutions of liberal democracy have gradually developed, in practice singleparty rule has continued, manifested in the election when the CCM won of the seats in the parliament. Despite an impressive economic growth, poverty remains deep and has not been substantially reduced. On a theoretical level this brings the old debate between liberal and substantive democracy back to the fore. Neither the economic nor the political reforms have apparently brought about a transformation of the political and eco nomic system resulting in the poor majority gaining substantially more political in uence and improved economic conditions. Hence, it is argued that the interface between the economic, political and administrative reforms has not been su ciently considered in the liberal demo cratic tradition. Liberal democracy is necessary for a democratic development, but not su cient for democracy to be consolidated. For that a substantive democratic development is necessary.

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List of content

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................13 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................14 LIST OF BOXES ...........................................................................................................................14 LIST OF MAPS .............................................................................................................................14 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................15 LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................21

1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................25 1.1 THE AMBIGUOUS “ TRANSITION” TO DEMOCRACY IN SUB!26SAHARAN AFRICA.................... 1.2 THE CONTEXT TO DEMOCRATIZATION IN AFRICA ............................................................................ 29 1.3 RESEARCH DESIGN: PROBLEM, QUESTIONS AND APPROACHES............................................... 32 1.4 DELIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 35 1.5 RELEVANCE............................................................................................................................................................ 36 1.5.1 And what is the relevance of Tanzania? .....................................................................................................37 1.6 STRUC TURE OF THE THESIS .......................................................................................................................... 39

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THEORETICALFRAMEWORK:DEMOCRACY,DEMOCRATISATION AND DEVELOPMENT .....................................................................................................41 2.1 THE THEORETICAL DEBATE ON DEMOCRATISATION IN AFRICA ................................................ 42 2.2 DEFINITIONS OF DEMOCRACY, CIVIL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SOCIET Y ................... 46 2.2.1 Democracy and democratisation.................................................................................................................47 2.2.2 Formal/Procedural versus substantive and maximalist definitions of democracy ..................................................................................................................................48 2.2.3 Democracy and Democratisation is a process........................................................................................52 2.3 THE INSTITUTIONS OF DEMOCRACY AND ACCOUNTABILIT Y"SELEC TION OF INSTITUTIONS AND INDICATORS........................................................................................................ 54 2.3.1 Sphere 1: The state, horizontal accountability and governance ......................................................56 2.3.2 Sphere 2, the political society: Political parties and the role of the opposition...........................62 2.3.3 Sphere 3, the civil society: media, human rights and vertical accountability .............................64 2.3.4 Sphere 4, the economic society: The relationship between democratisation, economic liberalisation and poverty reduction............................................................................................................69 2.4 ANALY TICAL FRAMEWORK"AND ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS ........................................ 71 2.5 SUM UP ................................................................................................................................................................... 75

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METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................77 3.1 METHODOLOGICAL POINTS OF DEPARTURE....................................................................................... 77 3.2 THE DESIGN, METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES.................................................................................... 82 3.3 METHODS FOR ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING THE MATERIALS ........................................... 87 3.4 REFLEC TIONS ON THE QUALIT Y AND VALIDIT Y OF THE EMPIRICAL MATERIAL ................ 91

STATISMANDDEVELOPMENTFROMABOVE!TANZANIAN DEVELOPMENT 1961"2010 A BRIEF CONTEXT...........................................................95 4.1 COLONIAL HERITAGE: A FRAGMENTED ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STRUC TURE ............... 96 4.2 THE TANZANIAN POST!COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL"STATISM AND  CONSTRAINED PARTICIPATION FROM BELOW .................................................................................... 98 4.2.1 Phase 1: Towards Modernisation: 1961-1967 ...........................................................................................99 4.2.2 Phase 2: The era of the Arusha Declaration 1967-73: De-linking, participation and rural development—Development from above ........................................................................ 101 4.2.3 Phase 3: The development of the statist and authoritarian model 1973-1979....................... 103 4.2.4 Phase 4: The breakdown of the statist model 1979-1983/84.......................................................... 103 4.2.5 Phase 5: The era of Structural Adjustment 1983/84-1992: Liberal market reforms without growth ................................................................................................................................. 107 4.2.6 Phase 6: Multiparty system without economic growth 1992-2000 ............................................. 110 4.2.7 Phase 6: Multiparty system and economic growth 2001-2010—The political and economic development ....................................................................................................................... 112 4.3 DEVELOPMENT IN ZANZIBAR"AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT IN THE WHOLE OF TANZANIA ................................................................................. 114 4.4 STRUC TURAL AND HISTORIC THEMES THAT FORM THE CONTEXT IN WHICH  DEMOCRATISATION IS SUPPOSED TO TAKE PLACE ....................................................................... 119

SPHERE1.STATE/STATECAPACITYTHEPOLITICALINSTITUTIONSAND CHALLENGES FOR DEMOCRATISATION WITHIN THE STAT ....................................123 5.1 THE EXECUTIVE, THE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ADMINISTRATIVE  STRUC TURES IN TANZANIA........................................................................................................................ 127 5.1.1 The presidency, the prime minister and the cabinet........................................................................... 127 5.1.2 Policy framework of the government—in relation to democratic governance..................... 129 5.1.3 Administration, reforms of the public service and local government ......................................... 133 5.1.4 Central government administration at regional and district level............................................... 136 5.1.5 Local Government Authorities—and the Local Government Reform ....................................... 139 5.1.6 Relationship between local government and council....................................................................... 142 5.2 THE REPRESENTATIVE: PARLIAMENT, ITS SETUP AND CAPACIT Y ........................................... 145 5.3 CHALLENGES FOR THE WORK OF THE PARLIAMENT"FINDINGS .......................................... 147 5.3.1 Internal work in the parliament .................................................................................................................. 148

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