Edge of the Plain

Crawford James

Description

Today, there are more borders in the world than ever before in human history. In this book James Crawford argues that our enduring obsession with borders has brought us to a crisis point: that we are entering the endgame of a process that began thousands of years ago, when we first started dividing up the earth. Beginning with the earliest known marker which denoted the end of one land and the beginning of the next, James follows the story of borders into our fragile and uncertain future - towards the virtual frontiers of the internet, and the shifting geography of a world beset by climate change. In the process, he travels to many borders old and new: from a melting border high in the glacial landscapes of the Austrian-Italian Alps to the only place on land where Europe and Africa meet; from the artist Banksy's 'Walled Off Hotel' in the conflict-torn West Bank to the Sonoran Desert and the fault lines of the US/Mexico border. Combining history, travel and reportage, The Edge of the Plain explores how borders have grown and evolved to take control of our landscapes, our memories, our identities and our destinies. As nationalism, climate change, globalisation, technology and mass migration all collide with ever-hardening borders, something has to give. Can we let go of the lines that separate us? Or are we fated to repeat the mistakes of the past, as our angry, warming and segregated planet lurches towards catastrophe?

Sujets

• Travel writing
• Geopolitics

Informations

• Publié par: Canongate Books
• Date de parution: 04 août 2022
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781838852047
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

THE EDGE OF THE PLAIN
Also by James Crawford
Above Scotland: The National Collection of Aerial Photography
Above Scotland: Cities
Victorian Scotland
Aerofilms: A History of Britain from Above
Scotland’s Landscapes
Fallen Glory: The lives and deaths of the world’s greatest lost buildings from the Tower of Babel to the Twin Towers
Who Built Scotland: Twenty-Five Journeys in Search of a Nation (contributor)
Scotland From the Sky

First published in Great Britain in 2022 by Canongate Books Ltd, 14 High Street, Edinburgh EH 1 1 TE
canongate.co.uk
This digital edition published in 2022 by Canongate Books
Copyright © James Crawford, 2022
The right of James Crawford to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
For image credits please see here
Excerpt from The Crossing , Cormac McCarthy. © Cormac McCarthy, 1994. Reproduced with permission of Pan Macmillan through PLSclear. Excerpt from The Left Hand of Darkness , Ursula K. Le Guin. Text © Ursula K. Le Guin, 1969. Reproduced with permission of Orion Publishing Group through PLSclear. Excerpt from Where Clouds Are Formed by Ofelia Zepeda. © 2008 Ofelia Zepeda. Reprinted by permission of the University of Arizona Press.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available on request from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 83885 202 3 Export ISBN 978 1 83885 203 0 e ISBN 978 1 83885 204 7
To William, Maggie, Isabella and James
CONTENTS
Introduction
Prologue : The Edge of the Plain
PART ONE: Making
1. Line of Bones
2. The Endless Margin
3. Limitless
PART TWO: Moving
4. Walled Off
5. The Lost Border
PART THREE: Crossing
6. Hostile Terrain
7. Border Burning
PART FOUR: Breaking
8. The Melting Border
9. ‘This Wall of Flesh’
10. A Green Line Across a Great Shore
Acknowledgements
Image credits
Notes
Index
INTRODUCTION
H igh up on the Alpine watershed between Austria and Italy a border melts and creeps downhill. In the centre of the United States, a ghost border is drawn back into existence by three men in a white Sprinter van. In the dusty margins where the African savannah meets the Sahara Desert, a green border of trees and crops struggles to take root and grow. On a shelf deep in the underground stores of the British Museum, a border sleeps. Lost for thousands of years, it has no idea how it came to shape the world.
A border sits on my desk. It’s small enough to fit in the palm of my hand. I’m always surprised by how light it feels. It’s roughly cuboid in shape. On five sides it’s coarse, bumpy and grey. But on one side it’s smooth, marked with splashes of yellow and orange. I bought this border ten years ago, on eBay. It’s supposed to be a fragment of the Berlin Wall. It’s very likely not. It’s probably just a lump of concrete, scavenged from a building site and daubed with paint. I feel like I can live with this uncertainty.
When the wall fell, in November 1989, I was eleven years old. I remember watching on the news as Berliners danced along the top. The same footage was played over and over as one large rectangular slab crashed to the ground. In the days, weeks and months afterwards, people came from all over the world to try to grab their own pieces of the wall. Mauerspechte , they were called. Wall peckers. For a few Deutschmarks they’d hire a small hammer and hack away.
Of course, everyone wanted the western side. There was a wall-pecking pecking order. Pieces from the west were covered in iconic graffiti art, whereas pieces from the east were just flat, grey and featureless. Enterprising East Berliners, quick to embrace their new-found access to the capitalist economy, began spray-painting real fragments from their side to make them seem more authentic to buyers. I hope my piece is one of those pieces.
Today, the Berlin Wall is the world’s most-travelled border. Bits of it can be found on six continents. They are exhibited in museums and galleries, erected on street corners. One slab is even used as a backdrop to a urinal in a Las Vegas casino. The shattering of the wall was, for some, supposed to be the beginning of the end of borders. The end of history, even. But history goes on. In fact, it has accelerated away from that moment. And borders have made a comeback. Or, rather, they never really went away at all.
One Monday morning in the middle of November 2018, a New York deli chain sent me an email with the subject ‘Avocado Shortage’. Their message explained that ‘no avocados have crossed the Mexico– US Border for the past three weeks’ due to an import pricing dispute and, rather than ‘serving a stockpile of frozen avocados and compromising on quality and taste’, avocados were ‘off the menu’. They promised to ‘alert’ me as soon as the situation changed. I have no idea how I was even on their mailing list. And I live in Edinburgh.
Two days later, the US President Donald Trump deployed 7,000 troops to America’s southern border and authorised them to use ‘lethal force’ against what he described as ‘an invasion’ of migrants. The first 400 of those migrants – part of a walking caravan of more than 10,000 travelling from Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador – had just arrived in the border city of Tijuana.
That same week, it was reported that North Korea and South Korea had blown up front-line guard posts all along the heavily fortified zone that has separated their two countries for seven decades, the first step in a tentative agreement to ‘demilitarise’ their border completely.
On the Thursday, the governments of India and Pakistan reached an agreement to establish a cross-border corridor to allow pilgrims to visit a sacred holy temple in Pakistan, the last resting place of Guru Nanak, the founder of the Sikh religion. On the same day, in the Middle East, fighting engulfed the Gaza Strip as thousands of Palestinian demonstrators clashed with Israeli soldiers, and tear gas, flying rocks, bullets and burning tyre smoke filled the skies above an eight-metre-high, concrete ‘separation barrier’.
The week ended with the British Prime Minister, Theresa May, returning from Brussels to announce that she had brokered a Brexit deal with Europe that would ‘end free movement once and for all’.
Avocados, ‘invasions’, spiritual corridors, human caravans, separation barriers, lethal force and a British prime minister celebrating the end of freedom . . . All in just seven days in November.
I don’t think, in hindsight, that this was a particularly special week for borders. But it made me wonder, slightly more obsessively with each passing day, where borders really came from. When did they begin? How did they evolve and take root? How did they grow up into this vast network of lines – physical and virtual – running all over the earth? And why, today, are they seemingly the most volatile flashpoints for political and social conflagration across the globe? Is this just a symptom? Or could borders themselves be the cause?
A border is such a simple idea. Step across a line, whether you can see it or not, and you are somewhere else. The landscape may look exactly the same, one blade of grass to the next, but you are in another place, another country. Perhaps the people speak another language. Their cultures, practices, laws and ideas may be completely different. Perhaps you can be completely different too: who you are and how you live your life may or may not be permissible. On one side of the border may be the promise of wealth, on the other the certainty of poverty. What you read or who you love may be free for you to choose, or may be punishable by prison, even death.
It means that these lines, fences, walls or checkpoints – and the spaces they inhabit – possess immense power. Nothing is different and yet everything is different. This is, as the writer Amitav Ghosh put it in his description of the Indian Partition, ‘the enchantment of lines’. 1 An enchantment that can be at once absurdist and fatal. I wanted to go in search of the source of this enchantment, to follow it all the way from then – whenever then was – up to now.
Everyone, I suspect, has their own, personal, border story. This is mine.
On 12 June 1908, three passengers – William, Maggie and Nellie – left the port of Liverpool on Cunard’s steam turbine ocean liner Carmania . The ship was just three years old, built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank as the largest and the fastest in the fleet: 20,000 tonnes and 650 feet long; a top speed of eighteen knots; three giant decks offering 2,650 berths from first class down to steerage.
William was thirty-one, Maggie twenty-three and Nellie twenty-eight. They had left a farming community in Hawick in the Scottish Borders, where William had worked as a stable keeper. Now they were on their way across the Atlantic. On their way to America.
They arrived at Ellis Island on 18 June, into the stifling heat and humidity of a New York summer – the city’s warmest on record. The ship’s manifest gave only the scantiest record of who they were. Their ages. Their nationality (‘Scotch’). William and Maggie’s light-coloured hair, blue eyes and ‘clear’ complexions. Nellie’s dark hair and brown eyes. William five foot nine, Maggie five foot six, Nellie five foot seven. That William and Maggie were husband and wife. That Nellie was William’s sister.
The Carmania’ s commanding officer signed an affidavit swearing that all passengers had undergone physical and oral examinations from the ship’s surgeon. This confirmed that William, Maggie and Nellie were not ‘feeble-minded’, ‘imbecilic’ or ‘insane’. That they were not infected with tuberculosis or a ‘loathsome and dangerous infectious disease’. That they were not polygamists or prostitutes, nor had they been convicted previously of a crime of ‘moral turpitude’. That they were not anarchists.
In the decade leading up to the First World War, Ellis