International Security and Peacebuilding

Description

The end of the Cold War was to usher in an era of peace based on flourishing democracies and free market economies worldwide. Instead, new wars, including the war on terrorism, have threatened international, regional, and individual security and sparked a major refugee crisis. This volume of essays on international humanitarian interventions focuses on what interests are promoted through these interventions and how efforts to build liberal democracies are carried out in failing states. Focusing on Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, an international group of contributors shows that best practices of protection and international state-building have not been applied uniformly. Together the essays provide a theoretical and empirical critique of global liberal governance and, as they note challenges to regional and international cooperation, they reveal that global liberal governance may threaten fragile governments and endanger human security at all levels.

Introduction: The Conundrums of Global Liberal Governance
Abu Bakarr Bah
1. Negotiating Narratives: R2P and the Conundrum of the Monopoly of Legitimized Use of Force
Rebecca Gulowski
2. Responsibility to Protect: The Paradox of International Intervention in Africa
Dauda Abubakar
3. Dancing Boys and the Moral Dilemmas of Military Missions: The Practice of Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan
Michelle Schut and Eva van Baarle
4. Managerial Capacity in Peacekeeping Operations: The Case of EUFOR
Unsal Sigri, M. Abdulkadir Varoglu and Ufuk Basar
5. Personalized Mediations and Interventions in the Ivoirian Conflict
Amy Niang
6. African Agency in New Humanitarianism and Responsible Governance
Abu Bakarr Bah
7. Regime Change: Neo-Liberal State-Building and Its Collapse on Iraqi Society
Deniz Gökalp

Bibliography
About the Contributors
Index

Sujets

• African Studies
• International Relations
• Political Science
• General officer
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Indiana University Press
• Date de parution: 30 janvier 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 2
• EAN13: 9780253023902
• Langue: English

Extrait

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND PEACEBUILDING
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND PEACEBUILDING
Africa, the Middle East, and Europe
Edited by Abu Bakarr Bah
This book is a publication of
Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
iupress.indiana.edu
2017 by Indiana University Press
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bah, Abu Bakarr, editor.
Title: International security and peacebuilding : Africa, the Middle East, and Europe / edited by Abu Bakarr Bah.
Description: Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016024833 (print) | LCCN 2016044068 (ebook) | ISBN 9780253023766 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780253023841 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780253023902 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Security, International-Case studies. | Peace-building-Case studies. | Responsibility to protect (International law)-Case studies.
Classification: LCC JZ5588 .I5774 2017 (print) | LCC JZ5588 (ebook) | DDC 327.1/72-dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024833
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Contents
Introduction: The Conundrums of Global Liberal Governance / Abu Bakarr Bah
1 Negotiating Narratives: R2P and the Conundrum of the Monopoly of Legitimized Use of Force / Rebecca Gulowski
2 Responsibility to Protect: The Paradox of International Intervention in Africa / Dauda Abubakar
3 Dancing Boys and the Moral Dilemmas of Military Missions: The Practice of Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan / Michelle Schut and Eva van Baarle
4 Managerial Capacity in Peacekeeping Operations: The Case of EUFOR / Unsal Sigri, M. Abdulkadir Varoglu, and Ufuk Basar
5 Personalized Mediations and Interventions in the Ivoirian Conflict / Amy Niang
6 African Agency in New Humanitarianism and Responsible Governance / Abu Bakarr Bah
7 Regime Change: Neoliberal State Building and Its Collapse on Iraqi Society / Deniz G kalp
About the Contributors
Index
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND PEACEBUILDING
Introduction
The Conundrums of Global Liberal Governance
Abu Bakarr Bah
T HE END OF the Cold War was supposed to usher in a new era of real peace based on flourishing democracies and free market economies around the word. When Francis Fukuyama proclaimed the end of history, the idea was that democracy and free market economy had been proven to be better than all other systems in advancing freedom, prosperity, and peace. 1 While multiparty democracy and free market economy have spread to more countries, insecurity has also increased in many corners of the word. 2 Since the end of the Cold War, new forms of insecurity have emerged. Mary Kaldor refers to post-Cold War wars as new wars. 3 As Kaldor writes, new wars
are wars that take place in the context of the disintegration of states (typically authoritarian states under the impact of globalization); wars that are fought by networks of state and non-state actors, often without uniforms . . . as in the case of the Croatian militia in Bosnia Herzegovina; wars where battles are rare and where most violence is directed against civilians as a consequence of counter-insurgency tactics or ethnic cleansing; wars where taxation is falling and war finance consists of loot and pillage, illegal trading and other war-generated revenue; wars where the distinctions between combatant and non-combatant, legitimate violence and criminality are all breaking down; wars that exacerbate the disintegration of the state. . . . Above all, these wars construct new sectarian identities (religious, ethnic or tribal) that undermine the sense of a shared political community. 4
New wars, including terrorism warfare, have now become the key threat to international and regional security. New wars have plagued countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa and sent refugees and fear to all other parts of the world, including Western Europe and the United States of America. At the same time, countries neighboring places where new wars are waged continue to receive huge influxes of refugees.
A critical question in addressing contemporary security challenges is whether the orthodox notion of new wars is applicable to wars related to the War on Terror. This question is important as we seek to examine a wide range of international and regional security problems ranging from civil wars in Africa, typically centered on violent struggles to take over the government based on ethnic or regional interests, to the ethnonationalist wars in the former Yugoslavia, and the wars related to the War on Terror campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq. Clearly, the post-Cold War civil wars in most parts of Africa (e.g., Sierra Leone, Liberia, Democratic Republic of Congo, and C te d Ivoire) and the former Yugoslavia aptly fit the orthodox notion of new wars. The more challenging question is whether the terrorism warfare waged in places such as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Nigeria is fundamentally different from the wars that have typically been referred to as new wars. In this book, we extend the notion of new wars to include the terrorism warfare that erupted in response to the United States invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq after the 9/11 terrorist attack. To make this extension, however, two important differences must be noted. First is the use of suicide and car bombings, which were not a common feature of the wars in former Yugoslavia and most parts of Africa. Suicide and car bombings, are common features of the terrorism warfare in Afghanistan and Iraq. The use of suicide and car bombings as modes of violence is most common in wars involving Islamist groups, such as in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Somalia, and Libya. However, we see this difference as largely a matter of choice and availability of means. What is more important is that both terrorism warfare and orthodox new wars deliberately target civilians as a way to wage war. The second difference relates to the origins and evolution of the wars. Clearly, the terrorism warfare in Afghanistan and Iraq is largely the result of the United States invasion of those countries in response to the 9/11 terrorist attack. In contrast, the orthodox new wars in the former Yugoslavia and African countries are rooted in domestic political, social, and economic grievances. However, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have significantly evolved from their original character as resistance to United States invasion to sectarian wars. In both countries, the wars are now significantly driven by domestic grievances. As Deniz G kalp shows in her chapter on Iraq, the current violence in Iraq is largely about sectarian struggles for power among Sunnis, Shi i, and Kurds after the disintegration of the Iraqi state. In Afghanistan too, the war is largely a sectarian struggle for power that pits various ethnic groups against one another and Islamists against secularists. 5 The degeneration of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq from resistance to United States invasion to largely sectarian wars over power is what makes those wars similar to the orthodox new wars we have seen in former Yugoslavia and most parts of Africa. For us, the notion of new wars is a useful concept for understanding the variety of cases of wars waged by nonstate actors in which the state has disintegrated and the distinction between legitimate violence and criminality are all breaking down and new sectarian identities (religious, ethnic or tribal) that undermine the sense of a shared political community are firmly entrenched. 6 Whether combatants use bombs or light weapons or they began the fight as resistance to foreign invasion or due to domestic grievances, the reality is that they are all producing generalized violence that is devoid of any meaningful social justice cause and undermining human security in ways that necessitate robust international intervention.
New wars have been not only recognized as major threats to security, but also attributed to lack of democracy and poverty. 7 Insecurity has increasingly been tied to lack of democratic governance and economic and social development. As such, democracy and free market economy, promoted through noncoercive and coercive means, combined with international development aid have become the key means for maintaining security in the poor and unstable countries of the world. This security-democracy-development matrix is embodied in what Mark Duffield has dubbed global liberal governance. 8 Global liberal governance has become a problematic solution to new wars. In a post-Cold War context, global liberal governance is a Western ideological and policy mechanism for maintaining security and development around the world in accordance with the interests of Western governments, NGOs, military establishments, and private companies. Global liberal governance primarily rests on policies of robust international intervention (including the use of military force) and postwar reconstruction in countries experiencing new wars as embodied in the doctrine of responsibility to protect (R2P), which developed thro