Nation-Building

Edited by Jochen Hippler

Description

The term 'nation-building' has experienced a remarkable renaissance since the early 1990s. It has been used to describe and to justify the military interventions in Somalia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Linked to the idea of 'failed' or 'failing' states, the concept is used to hide and legitimise a whole range of diverse policies, allowing foreign powers to control and reshape countries in areas of conflict.



Currently the international debate on nation building is heavily dominated by US actors and authors, especially by writers connected to the Bush administration or its policies. This book presents academic and political alternatives, presenting a critical view from 'Old Europe'.



The book combines academic research and analysis with policy orientation, with contributors from both fields. It clarifies the terminology distinguishing developmental, peace-related, imperial and analytical approaches to nation-building. Highlighting its connections to globalization, democracy, ethnic and religious minorities, the contributors consider case studies such as Somalia, the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq and Nigeria.
List of Abbreviations

Preface

Part I: Concepts and Theoretical Analyses of Nation-Building

1. Violent Conflicts, Conflict Prevention and Nation-Building – Terminology and Political Concepts by Jochen Hippler

2. Globalisation and Nation-Building – Not a Contradiction in Terms by Rainer Tetzlaff

3. Democratisation and Nation-Building in ‘Divided Societies’ by Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka

4. Shaping the Nation – Ideological Aspects of Nation-Building by Claudia Derichs

Part II: Case Studies

5. Deconstruction of States as an Opportunity for New Statism? Example of Somalia and Somaliland by Wolfgang Heinrich / Manfred Kulessa

6. Afghanistan: Nation-Building in the Shadow of the Warlords and the ‘War on Terror’ by Rangin Dadfar Spanta

7. Nation-building by Occupation? – The Case of Iraq by Jochen Hippler

8. Between Self-Determination and Multi-Ethnicity – International Actors and Nation-Building in Bosnia and Kosovo by Du_an Relji_

9. Nigeria: The Oil State and the Crisis of Nation-Building in Africa by Cyril I. Obi

Part III: Nation-Building in Political Practice

10. Between Projectitis and the Formation of Countervailing Power – NGOs in Nation-Building Processes by Jeanette Schade

11. External Nation-Building vs. Endogenous Nation-Forming – A Development Policy Perspective by Ulrike Hopp / Adolf Kloke-Lesch

12. Nation-Building: A Strategy for Regional Stabilisation and Conflict Prevention by Helmut van Edig

13. Nation-Building: Possibilities and Limitations of External Military Contributions by Heinz-Uwe Schäfer

14. Nation-States for Export? Nation-Building Between Military Intervention, Crisis Prevention and Development Policy by Jochen Hippler

Notes on the Contributors

Index

Sujets

• Political Process
• Political Science

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 juin 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781849642637
• Langue: English

Extrait

Nationbuilding A Key Concept for Peaceful Conflict Transformation?

Edited by Jochen Hippler

Translated by Barry Stone

P Pluto Press LONDON • ANN ARBOR, MI In association with the Development and Peace Foundation, Bonn

First published in German 2004 asNationBuilding – Ein Schlüsselkonzept für friedliche Konfliktbearbeitung?, by Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH, Bonn

First published in English 2005 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 839 Greene Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106

www.plutobooks.com

Published with the support of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Copyright © Development and Peace Foundation 2004, 2005

The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN ISBN

0 7453 2336 7 hardback 0 7453 2335 9 paperback

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for

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Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services Ltd, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Printed and bound in the European Union by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne, England

List of Abbreviations Preface

Part I

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ConceptsandTheoreticalAspectsof Nation-building

1. Violent Conflicts, Confl ict Prevention and Nation-building – Terminology and Political Concepts  Jochen Hippler  Nationbuilding: earlier discussions  Clarification of the concept  Elements of nationbuilding  Nation, state and social mobilisation  Nationbuilding as a concept

2. Globalisation and Nation-building – Not a Contradiction in Terms  Rainer Tetzlaff  Globalisation and the contradictory twofold nature of  the international system after 1989  Politicisation of cultural differences in the search for  national security  Variants of nationalism that actually exist in the  nonEuropean world as reactions to outside rule and  globalisation  Second wave of national liberation and the dilemma of  dependence: external sovereignty annuities rather  than national fiscal capacities  Conclusion: taking away the underlying poverty and  despair from the furies of nationalism

3. Democratisation and Nation-building in ‘Divided Societies’  Joanna PfaffCzarnecka  Three models of national unity  ‘Divided societies’, nationbuilding and democratic  models  Assessment of the models

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4 6 7 10 13

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vi Nationbuilding

the Nation – Ideological Aspects of4. Shaping Nation-building  Claudia Derichs  Performance criteria for successful nationbuilding  Centrality and extent  Association with other issues on the agenda  Connecting with the experiences of target groups  Narrative familiarity  Flexibility and openness to change  Concluding remarks

Part II

Case Studies

5. Deconstruction of States as an Opportunity for New Statism? The Example of Somalia and Somaliland  Wolfgang Heinrich and Manfred Kulessa  Nationsaving?  Sovereignty, legitimacy and statism  Construction and deconstruction of states  From deconstruction to reconstruction  Somalia: a state in deconstruction  Reconstruction of the state  The example of Somaliland  Prospects for Somalia  Summary

6. Afghanistan: Nation-building in the Shadow of the Warlords and the ‘War on Terror’  Rangin Dadfar Spanta  The government in Kabul: a fragile structure  Economic activities  International intervention and statebuilding in  Afghanistan  Destruction of the traditional legitimation of Afghan  society  Inadequate approaches by external political players  Prospects for conflict management and peace

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Nation-building by Occupation? – The Case of Iraq Jochen Hippler Kurdish autonomy endeavours Necessity and difficulty of nationbuilding Washington’s postwar planning

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43 44 46 48 49 51 52

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57 58 59 60 61 63 65 66 67

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US occupation policy and nationbuilding Nationbuilding through war and occupation?

Contents vii

8. Between Self-determination and Multiethnicity – International Actors and Nation-building in Bosnia and Kosovo  Dušan Reljiç  Interim appraisal of the former Yugoslavia  Structure and justification of fragmentation  External nationbuilding as a state of limbo  The EU and US as ‘nationbuilders’ in the Balkans

9. Nigeria: The Oil State and the Crisis of Nation-building in Africa  Cyril I. Obi  Conceptual issues: oil, the state and the nation  The Nigerian oil state from a historical perspective  The crisis of the Nigerian oil state  Prospects for Nigeria and other petrostates in Africa

Part III

The Politics of Nation-building

10. Between Projectitis and the Formation of Countervailing Power – NGOs in Nation-building Processes  Jeanette Schade  Nationbuilding and NGOs in (post)conflict situations  NGOs, reconstruction and nationbuilding  NGOs as part of the markets  NGOs, governments and statebuilding  NGOs and national policy objectives  Are NGOs essential for nationbuilding?

11. External Nation-building vs Endogenous Nation-forming – A Development Policy Perspective  Ulrike Hopp and Adolf KlokeLesch  Nationbuilding from the development policy viewpoint  How does development policy contribute to  nationforming?  Support for nationforming: examples from  German development activities  Development policy support for nationforming:  risks and open questions

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viii Nationbuilding

What principles should external support follow? Instead of taking stock – what support does  nationforming actually need?

12. Nation-building: A Strategy for Regional Stabilisation and Conflict Prevention  Helmut van Edig  Objectives, contents and players involved in regional  stabilisation  Nationbuilding: risk and opportunity for regional  stability  Options for action

13. Nation-building: Possibilities and Limitations of External Military Contributions  HeinzUwe Schäfer  World order, terrorism and nationbuilding  Security interests and nationbuilding  On the role of external forces in nationbuilding  Limitations of external military contributions to  nationbuilding  Summary

14. Nation-states for Export? Nation-building between Military Intervention, Crisis Prevention and Development Policy  Jochen Hippler  Nationbuilding from outside?  Fundamental problems of imperial nationbuilding  Difficulties and conditions for success in nationbuilding  Starting points for nationbuilding  Summary

Notes on the Contributors Index

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ACA APA AU CARDS

CIA CIMIC EAC ECOWAS EU FES Frelimo

ICRC IGAD IMF ISAF KAS KDP KFOR LPI MIFTAH

OAU OECD

OSCE NATO NGOs PUK Renamo

SADC SAP SCIRI SEF SLORC

List of Abbreviations

Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority Afghanistan Peace Association African Union Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation Central Intelligence Agency civilmilitary cooperation East African Community Economic Community of West African States European Union Friedrich Ebert Foundation Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Mozambican Liberation Front) International Committee of the Red Cross Intergovernmental Authority on Development International Monetary Fund International Security Assistance Force Afghanistan Konrad Adenauer Foundation Kurdish Democratic Party Kosovo Force (NATO) Life and Peace Institute, Sweden Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy Organisation of African Unity Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organisation nongovernmental organisations Patriotic Union Kurdistan Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (Mozambican National Resistance) Southern African Development Community Stabilisation and Association Process Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq Development and Peace Foundation, Bonn State Law and Order Restoration Council, Myanmar

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x Nationbuilding

SPDC

SRP TANU TNG UÇK UN UNDP UNMIK

UNOSOM UNTAC US USDA

USIP

State Peace and Development Council (previously SLORC), Myanmar Somalia Rehabilitation Programme Tanganyika African National Union transitional national government Kosovo Liberation Army United Nations United Nations Development Programme United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo United Nations Operation in Somalia United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia United States of America Union Solidarity and Development Association, Myanmar United States Institute of Peace

Preface

The conquests of Afghanistan and Iraq and the attempts to establish new state systems there have caused the term ‘nationbuilding’ to become so popular that it is now even used by ministers and heads of governments. In a time characterised by economic and political globalisation plus, at the same time, numerous ethnic conflicts, failing and failed states, humanitarian interventions, peacekeeping operations and ‘liberal protectorates’ (Ignatieff), the question of building new nationstates is taking on exceptional importance. Nationbuilding has occupied an important place in the debate on foreign, security and development policy since the failed intervention in Somalia. Today, the term is used in the context of regional stabilisation, imperial control, conflict management and prevention, as well as development policy without its specific meaning being clarified in each case. This book hopes to contribute towards broadening and systematising our understanding of nationbuilding processes. The processes of social and political fragmentation and reintegration are not only of crucial importance for promoting stability in potential conflict regions; they are also essential for avoiding and overcoming violent conflict. The first part of the book is a compilation of chapters dealing with the general and conceptional problems of nationbuilding. This is followed by an analysis of important case examples from Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Balkans. The third part then focuses on questions of dealing with nationbuilding in political terms. The editor would like to thank all the authors for their fruitful and kind cooperation. This book would hardly have been possible without them and the positive cooperation of the Development and Peace Foundation (SEF) in Bonn, Germany. My gratitude, in particular, to Michèle Roth, the Foundation’s Executive Director, Burkhard Könitzer, and Thomas Siebold. I would also like to thank the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development for supporting the English edition of this book.

Jochen Hippler Duisburg, March 2005

xi

Part I Concepts and Theoretical Aspects of Nationbuilding