Popular Housing and Urban Land Tenure in the Middle East

Description

When governments fail them, how citizens in several case study Middle Eastern cities organize and build their own housing communities
Irregular or illegal housing constitutes the ordinary condition of popular urban housing in the Middle East. Considering the conditions of daily practices related to land and tenure mobilization and of housing, neighborhood shaping, transactions, and conflict resolution, this book offers a new reading of government action in the cities of Amman, Beirut, Damascus, Istanbul, and Cairo, focussing on the participation of ordinary citizens and their interactions with state apparatus specifically located within the urban space. The book adopts a praxeological approach to law that describes how inhabitants define and exercise their legality in practice and daily routines. The ambition of the volume is to restore the continuum in the consolidation, building after building, of the popular neighborhoods of the cities under study, while demonstrating the closely-knit social relationships and other forms of community bonding.
The mukhalafat of Damascus, a case study.
Etienne Lena
Selling one's property in an informal settlement: a case study in Damascus.
Baudouin Dupret & Myriam Ferrier
Property securement in informal neighbourhoods of Damascus via the payment of tax.
Myriam Ferrier
Inhabitants' daily practices and strategies to obtain legality of their home and mechanisms to secure their tenure (Egypt).
Marion Séjourné
Vertical versus Horizontal: Constraints of modern living conditions in informal settlements and the reality of construction.
Franziska Laue
Cooperation and pragmatism: shifting theories and practices about legal claims and urban rights recognition.
Agnès Deboulet
The Genesis of a Mosque: Negotiating Sacred Space in Downtown Beirut
Ward Vloeberghs
Public policies toward informal settlements in Jordan (1965-2007).
Myriam Ababsa
The commodification of the ashwa'iyyiat.Urban land, housing market unification and De Soto's interventions in Egypt.
Eric Denis
Mülk Allahindir ("This house is God's property"): Legitimizing land ownership in the suburbs of Istanbul.
Jean-François Pérouse
Laws and Rights in a Great Urban Project concerning Irregular Settlements in Beirut.
Valérie Clerc
The Coastal Settlements of Ouzaii and Jnah. Analysis for an upgrading project in Beirut.
Falk Jaehnigen
Social and juridical norms as observed in an Aleppo "marginal" neighborhood.
Zuhayr Ghazzal

Sujets

• City Planning
• Public Policy
• Political Science
• Urban Development

Informations

• Publié par: The American University in Cairo Press
• Date de parution: 01 octobre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781617973512
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Copyright © 2012 by
The American University in Cairo Press
113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018
www.aucpress.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Chapters 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 were translated from the French by Samira Druilhe.

An earlier version of Chapter 6 appeared as “The Genesis of a Mosque: Negotiating Sacred Space in Downtown Beirut,” EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2008/17. European University Institute, Florence, 2008. Reproduced by permission.

Some material in Chapter 8 is drawn from “Contrer la précarité par la sécurisation foncière et la légalisation: enjeux et opportunités dans le Monde arabe et en Égypte,” Revue Tiers Monde , no. 206 (2011/2012), 75–93. Reproduced by permission.

Dar el Kutub No. 11767/11
eISBN: 978-1-6179-7351-2

Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ababsa, Myriam
    Popular Housing and Urban Land Tenure in the Middle East: Case Studies from Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey / Myriam Ababsa, Baudouin Dupret, and Eric Denis.—Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012
    p.  cm.
    ISBN 978 977 416 540 5
    1. Middle East  I. Title
    956.015

1 2 3 4 5 16 15 14 13 12

Designed by Sally Boylan
To André Raymond
Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Contributors

Introduction
Forms and Norms: Questioning Illegal Urban Housing in the Middle East
Myriam Ababsa, Baudouin Dupret, and Eric Denis

Part 1: The Production of Forms and Norms from Within
1.
Mukhalafat in Damascus: The Form of an Informal Settlement Etienne Léna
2.
Selling One’s Property in an Informal Settlement: A Praxeological Approach to a Syrian Case Study Baudouin Dupret and Myriam Ferrier
3.
Securing Property in Informal Neighborhoods in Damascus through Tax Payments Myriam Ferrier
4.
Inhabitants’ Daily Practices to Obtain Legal Status for Their Homes and Security of Tenure: Egypt Marion Séjourné
5.
Vertical versus Horizontal: Constraints of Modern Living Conditions in Informal Settlements and the Reality of Construction Franziska Laue
6.
The Politics of Sacred Space in Downtown Beirut (1853–2008) Ward Vloeberghs
7.
Shared Social and Juridical Meanings as Observed in an Aleppo ‘Marginal’ Neighborhood Zouhair Ghazzal
Part 2: Public Policies toward Informal Settlements: From Eviction to Self-help Recognition (or Legitimization) and Back
8.
Secure Land Tenure? Stakes and Contradictions of Land Titling and Upgrading Policies in the Global Middle East and Egypt Agnès Deboulet
9.
The Commodification of the Ashwa’iyyat: Urban Land, Housing Market Unification, and de Soto’s Interventions in Egypt Eric Denis
10.
Public Policies toward Informal Settlements in Jordan (1965–2010) Myriam Ababsa
11.
Mülk Allahindir (‘This House is God’s Property’): Legitimizing Land Ownership in the Suburbs of Istanbul Jean-François Pérouse
12.
Law, Rights, and Justice in Informal Settlements: The Crossed Frames of Reference of Town Planning in a Large Urban Development Project in Beirut Valérie Clerc
13.
The Coastal Settlements of Ouzaii and Jnah: Analysis of an Upgrading Project in Beirut Falk Jähnigen
Tables
10.1:
Basic information on squatter settlements included in upgrading program.
10.2:
UDP upgrading projects.
10.3:
Basic information on squatter settlements included in CIP-A Project.
10.4:
Basic information on refugee camps included in CIP-A Project.
13.1:
General information on informal settlements in Jnah and Ouzaii.
13.2:
Administrative status of Jnah and Ouzaii.
13.3:
Facilities in Jnah and Ouzaii.
13.4:
Population estimates 1985–96.
13.5:
Rooms per household in Jnah and Ouzaii.
13.6:
Number of businesses in Jnah and Ouzaii along the coastal road.
13.7:
Types of activities in Jnah and Ouzaii along the coastal road.
Illustrations
Figures
1.1:
Location of Daraya, southwest of Damascus.
1.2:
Location plan for surveyed plots in Daraya.
1.3:
Basic post-and-beam skeleton used for housing construction.
1.4:
Carpenters building formwork out of wooden board for foundations.
1.5:
Built versus land surface for different kinds of houses.
1.6:
Examples of courtyard house plans.
1.7:
Examples of villa building plans.
1.8:
Examples of plans of speculative-type multistory buildings.
1.9:
Examples of plans of speculative-type buildings, both single story and multistory.
1.10:
Beyond the doorway, inside courtyard of house.
1.11:
Different openings serving different funtions (view, light, ventilation).
1.12:
Manwar .
1.13:
Manwar that stops a few meters above ground.
1.14:
Structure of agricultural land in Ghouta.
1.15:
Different uses of agricultural land.
1.16:
Advertisement for sale of building on wall.
1.17:
Hara L700: Two initial plots of similar size give rise to different processes of densification.
1.18:
Hara L703: Evolution of a plot of land.
1.19:
Hara L706: Process of densification of plot of land.
1.20:
Different urban geographies arising from strategy of parceling lots and the formation of owner assocations.
1.21:
Progressive densification of a single plot of land.
1.22:
Seventeen pipes taking water from a well to different houses in a hara .
1.23:
Complex process of urbanization results in a highly intricate landscape.
2.1:
Second contract of final sale (front).
2.2:
Back of second contract of final sale.
2.3:
Power of attorney associated with the fifth contract.
2.4:
Chronology of contracts and powers of attorney.
2.5:
First contract of final sale.
3.1:
Note adressed to municipality in order to proceed with financial assessment of property.
3.2:
Order of the First Instance Property Assessment Commission.
3.3:
Confirmation of name ( tathbit ism ).
3.4:
Financial statement ( qayd mali ).
3.5:
Declaration of sale ( bayan mabi‘ ).
3.6:
Note from the Property Commerce Directorate.
3.7:
Financial clearance certificate ( bara’at al-dhima ).
4.1.
Distribution of Illegal Settlements in Greater Cairo Region, 2005.
4.2:
View of Bashtil Informal Settlement, Cairo.
4.3:
Self-built housing in Manshiyat Nasir, Cairo.
5.1:
Expansion schemes of three capital cities.
5.2:
Stages of urban development in Damascus and location of informal settlements.
5.3:
Urban patterns and organization of a site in Jeramana.
5.4:
Growth study of a street in Jeramana, 2003–2010.
5.5:
Plans of construction of a built example in Jeramana.
5.6:
Area studied and overlapping of farm borders of Jeramana.
5.7:
Definition of architectural quality.
6.1:
General view of Muhammad al-Amin Mosque with Hariri’s gravesite in front.
6.2:
Original Oger Liban design for northwestern corner of Muhammad al-Amin Mosque.
6.3:
Northwestern corner of Muhammad al-Amin mosque.
6.4:
Plans for the new campanile.
6.5:
View from Amir Bashir Street.
6.6:
Man contemplating Hariri’s tomb.
7.1:
View of Karm al-Muyassar in July 2007.
7.2:
Water meters designed by inhabitants.
7.3:
Typical fictitious contract of sale.
10.1:
HUDC (ex-UDD) projects in Greater Amman Municipality since 1966.
10.2:
Incremental building in East Wahdat Upgrading Program.
11.1:
Map of Istanbul showing areas of illegal settlement, 2011.
11.2:
Building in Arnavutköy.
12.1:
Main irregular settlements in Beirut.
13.1:
Satellite picture of Ouzaii and Jnah.
13.2:
al-Zahra Hospital, east Jnah.
13.3:
al-Tanshi’a public secondary school, Jnah.
13.4:
Mosque of al-Imam al-Ouzaii.
13.5:
Ouzaii Medical Center.
13.6:
Plan of public facilities in Ouzaii and Jnah.
Contributors
Myriam Ababsa is a research fellow in social geography at the Institut Français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), Amman. Her work focuses on the impact of public policies on regional and urban development in Jordan and Syria. She currently runs the Atlas of Jordan research program (funded by the French Embassy and the European Commission). She has written Amman de pierre et de paix (2007), Raqqa, territoires et pratiques sociales d’une ville syrienne (2009), and co-edited with Rami Daher Cities, Urban Practices and Nation Building in Jordan/Villes, pratiques urbaines and Nation Building in Jordan (2011). She holds a PhD in geography from the University of Tours, France.

Valérie Clerc is an architect who has a PhD in urban planning from the Institut français d’urbanisme (Université Paris 8, France). She is a researcher at the Institut