In Reconstituting Whiteness, sociologist Jenny Irons explores the tactics and legacy of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, an agency of the state that existed from 1956 to 1977 and was devoted exclusively to defending and supporting the institution of segregation. Using a myriad of surveillance and public relations efforts, the commission was unique in its expanse and resistance during a time of change. Going far beyond a mere institutional history, however, Irons uses the commission as a tool to explore the intersection of state-organized defense of white supremacy and the dramatically shifting racial constructs of the civil rights era. Ultimately, the commission failed to protect segregation, but as a state entity, it adapted racism in new terms. Reconstituting Whiteness is an insightful study of the methods Mississippi state government used to move the goal posts of what was considered "decent" and "acceptable" white supremacy and racism, as it raced against time to define whiteness while the boundaries of segregation fell all around it.
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Reconstituting Whiteness T h e M i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e S o v e r e i g n t y C o m m i s s i o n
Jenny Irons
Reconstituting Witeness
Reconstituting Witeness he Mississippi STaTe SovereignTy Commission
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Irons, Jenny, – Reconstituting witeness : te Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission / Jenny Irons. p. cm. Includes bibliograpical references and index. ---- (clot : acid-free paper) . Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission—History. . Wite supremacy movements—Mississippi—History—t century. . Mississippi—Race relations—History—t century. . Mississippi—Politics and government—– . States’ rigts (American politics)—History—t century. I. Title. . .’—dc
For my parenTs, Barry and Bety Irons,and for George
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Preface xiii
“Noting to Hide”: Witeness and te Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission1
Part I. he Defense of Segregation
he Relational Context of Wite Resistance35
“he True Facts about Segregation”: Denial and te Public Relations Campaign63
Monitoring te Racial Situation: he Identity Work of Social Control90
Part II. Resistant Accommodation
Reorganized Relations, Entrenced Hard-Liners119
Minimizing te Racial Situation: Public Relations and Resistant Accommodation138
“Determined to Perpetuate Itself ”: Continuity in Investigations despite Cange158
Conclusion: Legitimacy, Witeness, and Racism193
Notes 203
Bibliograpy 237
Index 245
Acknowledgments
his book hasbeen in te works for far too long. It bears little T resemblance to my initial attempt to make sense of te Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (MSSC), and I ope in tat regard te in-tervening years of tinking, reading, and writing ave greatly improved tat first stab. I was initially drawn to study te organization just after te files were opened in . At te time, I was particularly interested in tinking about te process of racial state formation, and my subsequent focus on wite state actors reflects my concern wit te question of wy racial inequality persists despite cange. My initial interest in te civil rigts movement was sparked wen I was a student at Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi, and I ave Andy Andrews to tank for tat. He remains my academic role model. Andy, George Bey, Ming Tsui, and Frances Coker were amazing professors. heir passion for teacing and teir entusiasm for social scientific researc led me to pursue a PD in sociology and ten to searc ard for a job at a place just like Millsaps. At te University of Arizona, I was fortunate to connect wit faculty and peers wo were supportive of researc tat was in some ways a little bit outside of disciplinary boundaries. I feel lucky to ave entered gradu-ate scool wit a coort of people wo made te experience fun and wo were generous wit feedback and encouragement. Carmen García-Beaulieuelpedmesurvivemyfirsttwoyears,andDinaOkamotogotmetroug te last few. Jenn Earl was and still is one of my most supportive friends and colleagues, and I am fortunate to ave begun my career wit er. Outside of te sociology department, Scott Hendricks was a great friend and intellectual inspiration. Among te faculty, Sara Soule, Doug