Regional Innovation: Government policies and the role of Higher Education Institutions

Yali Woyessa, Patrick Dubarle

Description

“This book provides an excellent analysis of regional innovation policy issues and developments with a wealth of examples, notably from OECD countries. Key policy areas, such as clusters, support services, and higher education institutions, are well documented. The research methodology is founded on the experience accumulated by the authors over several decades in many different countries in the context of a world class international organisation. This allows a good selection of policy relevant examples and an experienced presentation of them.” – Jean-Eric Aubert, Former programme manager, World Bank and OECD

Sujets

• Littérature Sud-Africaine
• Littérature sud-africaine
• Divergence
• Innovation
• Growth

Informations

• Publié par: UJ Press
• Date de parution: 01 juin 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781920382810
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

ISBN 9781920382803

REGIONAL INNOVATION REGIONAL INNOVATION Government policies and the role of Higher Education Institutions

Government policies and the role

Patrick Dubarle & Yali Woyessa

Patrick Dubarle & Yali Woyessa

REGIONAL INNOVATION

Government policies and the role of Higher Education Institutions

Patrick Dubarle & Yali Woyessa

Regional Innovation: Government policies and the role of Higher Education Institutions

Published by Sun Media Bloemfontein (Pty) Ltd.

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First edition 2016

ISBN: 978-1-920382-80-3 (Print) ISBN: 978-1-920382-81-0 (e-book) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18820/9781920382810

Portions of this book, authored by Patrick Dubarle, have been published by the World Bank in Innovation Policy: A Guide for Developing Countries. This World Bank publication is available under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license and can be accessed from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ handle/10986/2460

Set in Muli 10/13 pt Cover design, typesetting and production by Sun Media Bloemfontein

Research, academic and reference works are published under this imprint in print and electronic format.

This printed copy can be ordered directly from: [e-mail] The e-book is available at the following link: https://doi.org/10.18820/9781920382810

AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES

Patrick Dubarle is a graduate of the Ecole des Mines de Nantest in France, and holds a master’s degree in Economics from the University of Paris Sorbonne. He joined the OECD in 1978 as a junior administrator in the Directorate for Science Technology and Industry and worked on industrial structures issues and innovation policies.

In 1995 he became the principal administrator at the OECD Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate. Since the beginning of the last decade he coordinated or contributed to more than îfteen territorial reviews at national and regional level. He was also in charge of a programme on Higher Education and Region, and within this framework he provided expertise for eleven case studies in member and non-member countries.

He left the OECD secretariat in 2008 and is now an independent international consultant working for international organisations such as the World Bank, the OECD and the European Investment Bank (EIB), as well as an expert for the Hungarian Government.

Yali Woyessa is a graduate of Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia. He obtained his master’s degree from ENSAM in France in Water and Environment Management. He also holds an MA, MBA and PhD from the University of the Free State in South Africa.

He has been involved in teaching and research in higher education institutions for more than 20 years. Yali has published more than 50 papers in national and international peer reviewed journals and conference proceedings.

Currently he serves as Head of the Department of Civil Engineering and Head of the Unit for Sustainable Water and Environment in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at the Central University of Technology, Free State.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of îgures.............................................................................................................. i List of tables............................................................................................................... i List of abbreviations.........................i........................................................................ Foreword....................................................................................................................v Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1:Regional innovation: Concepts, principles and policy trends..... 3

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 2. Regional innovation: Trends, underlying factors and systemic  performances ........................................................................................................ 3 2.1 What is innovation? ....................................................................................... 3 2.2 Innovation and societies: The long-term view .......................................... 4

2.3 Innovation and growth ................................................................................. 5 2.4 The regional dimension: Underlying factors and constructed  advantages ................................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Theoretical aspects ........................................................................... 10

2.4.2 Factor analysis ................................................................................... 11

2.5 The importance of regional actors ........................................................... 13 2.6 Regional divergence .................................................................................... 15

2.7 Soft parameters ........................................................................................... 16 2.7.1 The absorptive capacities of îrms and notably small and  medium-sized enterprises ................................................................ 16

2.7.2 Creative capital .................................................................................. 17

2.7.3 Social capital ...................................................................................... 17

3. Regional policies themes and targets ............................................................. 17 3.1 Strategic planning foresight and technology visioning for regions ..... 17 3.1.1 Main issues ......................................................................................... 19

3.2 Regional and local infrastructure: Science and technology parks ...... 19 3.2.1 Main problems and issues ............................................................... 20

3.3 Collaboration measures: Cluster policies ................................................ 21 3.3.1 Other common issues confronting clusters .................................. 24

3.4 Cooperation between îrm and public research..................................... 25 3.5 Further education oriented measures: Technical colleges .......................... 26

4. Governance for industrial and innovation development .............................. 27 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 29

Chapter 2:Supporting innovators, innovation policy instruments  and programmes............................................................................... 31

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 31 2. Promoting the provision of real services ........................................................ 32 3. What are real services? ..................................................................................... 33 4. Pricing issues ....................................................................................................... 35 5. Multipurpose infrastructure .............................................................................. 36 6. Specialised service infrastructure .................................................................... 38 6.1 Basic services ............................................................................................... 38 6.2 Technology extension services .................................................................. 40 6.3 Standards and metrology ........................................................................... 41

6.4 Productivity centres ..................................................................................... 42 6.5 Information and communication services ............................................... 42 7. Focusing on entrepreneurship and new innovating îrms........................... 43

7.1 Diversiîed policy initiatives to support small innovative îrms................ 45

7.2 Incubating îrms........................................................................................... 47 8. Supplying înance for innovation development.........52.................................... 8.1 Venture capital ............................................................................................. 53 8.2 Examples of policy measures .................................................................... 54 8.3 Business angels ........................................................................................... 57 9. The new trend for bridging institutions: Targeting clusters and networks ......... 57 9.1 Improving cluster access to know-how and international markets .... 59 9.2 Creating favourable conditions for the co-location of îrms................ 61 9.3 Supporting innovation in networks ........................................................... 63 10. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 66

Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 68 Chapter 3: Higher Education Institutions, innovation and regions.............. 69

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 69 2. The contribution of universities and other higher education  institutions to regional economies .................................................................. 70 2.1 Direct impacts .............................................................................................. 70 2.2 Indirect impacts and knowledge effects .................................................. 71 2.2.1 The supply of intellectual capital to the labour market .............. 72

2.2.2 The provision of technology and research output ....................... 73

2.2.3 The promotion of spin-offs and the diffusion of an  entrepreneurship culture .................................................................. 74

2.2.4 Other contributions to socio-cultural and policy development .... 75

3. Regional involvement of higher education institutions ................................ 76 3.1 The characteristics of national education systems ................................ 76 3.2 Barriers to the cooperation between higher education institutions  and îrms in the îeld of research and innovation.................................. 77 4. Government policies for better integrating higher education institutions  in regional development .................................................................................... 80 4.1 Linking with education policies ................................................................. 81 4.2 Linking with innovation policies ................................................................ 82 5. Tertiary education and regional innovative systems programmes ............ 83 6. Higher education institutions and cluster-based initiatives ................................... 85 6.1 Centres of expertise in Finland .................................................................. 86 6.2 Poles of competitiveness in France .......................................................... 87 6.3 The Japanese cluster programmes .......................................................... 89 7. Coordination and synergies .............................................................................. 90 8. Areas for policy improvement and good practices ....................................... 93 8.1 Regional policy strategies and planning .................................................. 94 8.1.1 Good practices ................................................................................... 95

8.2 Role of cities and subnational governments ........................................... 95 8.2.1 Matching supply and demand in the local labour market ......... 95

8.2.2 Promoting local economic development ....................................... 96

8.2.3 Contribution to regional systems of governance ......................... 96

8.2.4 Good practices ................................................................................... 96

8.3 Transfer of technology and commercialisation of academic research .... 97 8.3.1 Good practices ................................................................................... 98

8.4 Bridging the gap .......................................................................................... 99 8.4.1 Good practices ................................................................................. 100

8.5 Contribution of teaching and learning to the labour market and  the regional economy ............................................................................... 101 8.5.1 Good practices ................................................................................. 102

8.6 Policy coordination .................................................................................... 102 8.6.1 Good practices ................................................................................. 103

8.7 Evaluation of regional engagement in higher  education institutions ........................................................................................ 103 8.7.1 Good practices ................................................................................. 104

Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 4: Innovation policy............................................................................. 106

1. The case of Brazil: region and innovation policies ...................................... 106 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 106 1.2 Support to small industries ...................................................................... 107 1.3 Federal initiatives for research, development and innovation ........... 108 1.4 Decentralisation of innovation policy ..................................................... 112 1.5 Science parks, entrepreneurship and technological start-ups ........... 113 1.6 Higher education and the regional economies .................................... 114 1.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 116

2. The case of Egypt: Barriers to innovation – trends, issues and  policy responses ............................................................................................... 116 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 116 2.2 Context and framework conditions ........................................................ 117 2.3 Potential and challenges .......................................................................... 118 2.3.1 Higher education ............................................................................. 118

2.3.2 Industry ............................................................................................. 119

2.4 Recent trends ............................................................................................. 120 2.5 Removing obstacles to innovation ......................................................... 121 2.5.1 Transfer of technologies ................................................................. 121

2.5.2 Entrepreneurship and spin-offs ..................................................... 122

2.5.3 Collaborative projects and academia industry cooperation .... 124

2.6 Innovation policy responses .................................................................... 126 2.6.1 Shortage of înancial resources and access to înance............ 126

2.6.2 Shortage in skills in research and innovation management .... 127

2.6.3 Weaknesses in networking and cooperation with  external parties ................................................................................ 127

2.6.4 Shortage in skills to manage intellectual property .................... 130

3. The case of South Korea ................................................................................. 130 3.1 Policy successes and persistent imbalances ........................................ 131 3.2 Emphasis on clusters ................................................................................ 133 3.3 Promoting regional innovation systems ................................................ 135 3.4 Focussing on cities .................................................................................... 136 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 140 Conclusion.............................................................................................................142

Appendix to Chapter 4: the new regional policy framework.......................145

1. Supra economic region .................................................................................... 145 1.1 Central Supra Region ................................................................................ 146 1.2 South West Supra Region ........................................................................ 146 1.3 South East Supra Region .......................................................................... 146 2. The scheme for economic regions ................................................................. 146 3. Daily Living Sphere ........................................................................................... 147 Index.......................................................................................................................148