State Erosion

P. Markowitz Lawrence

Description

State failure is a central challenge to international peace and security in the post-Cold War era. Yet theorizing on the causes of state failure remains surprisingly limited. In State Erosion, Lawrence P. Markowitz draws on his extensive fieldwork in two Central Asian republics-Tajikistan, where state institutions fragmented into a five-year civil war from 1992 through 1997, and Uzbekistan, which constructed one of the largest state security apparatuses in post-Soviet Eurasia-to advance a theory of state failure focused on unlootable resources, rent seeking, and unruly elites. In Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and other countries with low capital mobility-where resources cannot be extracted, concealed, or transported to market without state intervention-local elites may control resources, but they depend on patrons to convert their resources into rents. Markowitz argues that different rent-seeking opportunities either promote the cooptation of local elites to the regime or incite competition over rents, which in turn lead to either cohesion or fragmentation. Markowitz distinguishes between weak states and failed states, challenges the assumption that state failure in a country begins at the center and radiates outward, and expands the "resource curse" argument to include cash crop economies, where mechanisms of state failure differ from those involved in fossil fuels and minerals. Broadening his argument to weak states in the Middle East (Syria and Lebanon) and Africa (Zimbabwe and Somalia), Markowitz shows how the distinct patterns of state failure in weak states with immobile capital can inform our understanding of regime change, ethnic violence, and security sector reform.

Sujets

• Political corruption
• History of Asia
• Central Asia

Informations

• Publié par: Cornell University Press
• Date de parution: 15 novembre 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780801469466
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

STATE EROSION

STATEEROSION UnlootableResources and Unruly Elites in Central Asia

LawrenceP.Markowitz

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS

ITHACA AND LONDON

Copyright © 2013 by Cornell University

Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,orparts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 2013 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Markowitz, Lawrence P., 1970– author.  State erosion : unlootable resources and unruly elites in Central Asia / Lawrence P. Markowitz.  pages cm  Includes bibliographical references and index.  ISBN 9780801451874 (cloth : alk. paper)  1. Tajikistan—Politics and government—1991– 2. Uzbekistan—Politics and government—1991– 3. Failed states—Tajikistan. 4. Natural resources— Political aspects—Tajikistan. 5. Natural resources—Political aspects—Uzbekistan. 6. Elite (Social sciences)—Political activity—Tajikistan. 7. Elite (Social sciences)— Political activity—Uzbekistan. I. Title.  DK928.8657.M37 2012  958'042—dc23 2013018864

CornellUniversityPressstrivestouseenvironmentallyresponsiblesuppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetablebased, lowVOC inks and acidfree papers that are recycled, totally chlorinefree, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.

Cloth printing

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ToJanetandArnold

Contents

ListofFigures,Tables,andMaps PrefaceandAcknowledgments ListofAbbreviations

Introduction 1.  Rethinking the Resource Curse 2.  Resources and Rents under Soviet Rule 3.  Pathways to Failure: Tajikistan and Uzbekistan 4.  Tajikistan’s Fractious State 5.  Coercion and RentSeeking in Uzbekistan 6.  Weak and Failed States in Comparative Perspective Conclusion

Appendix Notes Index

vii

ix xi xv

1

16

30

51

77

100

124

147

157 159 193

Figures,Tables,andMaps

Figures

2.1. Lateral movements of raikom first secretaries, Tajikistan, 1960–91 2.2. Lateral movements of raikom first secretaries, Uzbekistan, 1960–91 2.3. Governors appointed outside region of origin, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, 1961–2004 3.1. Number of incidents of state security fragmentation, Tajikistan, 1992 3.2. Number of deaths in incidents of state security fragmentation, Tajikistan, 1992 3.3. Number of deaths in incidents of state security fragmentation by province, Tajikistan, 1992 4.1. Total seizures of heroin in Tajikistan (kilograms) 4.2. Number of experts ranking regional courts among worst three in Tajikistan 5.1. Claims submitted to provincial economic courts, Uzbekistan, 2001–3 5.2. Land restitution by provincial prokurators, Uzbekistan, 2002

Tables

1.1. Explaining state security outcomes in weak states with immobile capital 2.1. Infrastructure investments by province, Tajikistan, 1939–44 2.2. Gross income of collective farms, Tajikistan (as percent of total)

ix

44

47

48

61

61

66

87

93

119

120

24

38

39