Towards a Sustainable Information Society

Jan Servaes, Nico Carpentier

Description

The Information Society is one of the recurrent imaginaries to describe present-day structures, discourses and practices. Within its meaning is enshrined the promise of a better world, sometimes naively assuming a technological deus ex machina, in other cases hoping for the creation of policy tools that will overcome a diversity of societal divides.

With the two-phased World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), the United Nations attempted to stimulate the development of such tools.
Simultaneously, the WSIS is a large-scale experiment in multistakeholderism. The objective was to create a more balanced decision-making process that would allow the voices of civil society and business actors to be heard in international politics.

This book aims to evaluate the potentialities of both the Information Society, and the WSIS in supporting and constructing more democratic, just and developed societies. It is the second book arising from the intellectual work of European Consortium for Communications Research members.

Sujets

• Political Science
• Communication studies
• General officer
• Cultural studies
• Politics
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Intellect Books
• Date de parution: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781841509471
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Towards a Sustainable Information Society
Deconstructing WSIS
Edited by Jan Servaes & Nico Carpentier

intellect
Bristol, UK
Portland, OR, USA
First Published in the UK in 2006 by
Intellect Books, PO Box 862, Bristol BS99 1DE, UK
First Published in the USA in 2006 by
Intellect Books, ISBS, 920 NE 58th Ave. Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97213-3786, USA
Copyright 2006 Intellect Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Electronic ISBN 1-84150-947-7 / ISBN 1-84150-133-6
Cover Design: Gabriel Solomons
Copy Editor: Holly Spradling
Printed and bound in Great Britain by 4edge Ltd.
Table of Contents
Bart Staes:
Foreword: Towards a New Democratic Lingua Franca
Jan Servaes & Nico Carpentier:
Introduction:
Steps to Achieve a Sustainable Information Society
Bart Cammaerts & Nico Carpentier:
1: The Unbearable Lightness of Full Participation in a Global Context: WSIS and Civil Society Participation
Claudia Padovani & Arjuna Tuzzi:
2: Communication Governance and the Role of Civil Society. Reflections on Participation and the Changing Scope of Political Action
Divina Frau Meigs:
3: Civil Society s Involvement in the WSIS Process. Drafting the Alter-agenda
Ned Rossiter:
4: WSIS and Organised Networks as New Civil Society Movements
Stefano Martelli:
5: How Civil Society Can Help Civil Society
Miyase Christensen:
6: What Price the Information Society? A Candidate Country Perspective within the Context of the EU s Information Society Policies
Michel Bauwens:
7: Peer-to-peer: From Technology to Politics
Paul Verschueren:
8: From Virtual to Everyday Life
Claudio Feij o Gonz lez, Jos Luis G mez Barroso, Ana Gonz lez Lagu a, Sergio Ramos Villaverde, David Rojo Alonso:
9: Shifting from Equity to Efficiency Rationales: Global Benefits Resulting from a Digital Solidarity Fund
Barbara Thomass:
10: PSB as an Instrument of Implementing WSIS Aims
Afterword
Peter Johnston:
Towards a Knowledge Society and Sustainable Development. Deconstructing the WSIS in the European Policy Context
ECCR:
Recommendations on the Subject of Research and Education in the Area of the Information Society
Notes on Contributors
Foreword: Towards a New Democratic
Lingua Franca: Opening Speech at the ECCR WSIS conference, European Parliament March 1, 2004
BART STAES (MEP GROEN!)
The notion of the information society carries the immense hope for a better world society. In one of the more optimistic accounts - by Howard Rheingold (1993) - the newly developed information and communication technologies are said:
to support citizen activity in politics and power,
to increase interaction with a diversity of others
and to create new vocabularies and new forms of communication.
From this perspective, the emancipatory and liberating aspects of ICTs will have a guaranteed impact on our languages, geographies, identities, ecologies, intimacies, communities, democracies, and economies. If we believe these utopian believers, we have finally reached the end of history, as Francis Fukuyama (in a very different analysis) wrote in 1992.
But all is not well in the new information society, and we definitely (and fortunately) have not reached the end of history.
We need to remain aware that the belief in the newness of technology and in its magical capacity to change the world has more than once led to unwarranted optimism. A nice way to symbolise this point is the following poem that sings praise over the first electronic highway: the telegraph. It was written in 1875 by Martin F. Typper, and forms a good illustration of the technological optimism that accompanied the introduction of the telegraph.
Yes, this electric chain from East to West More than mere metal, more than mammon can Binds us together - kinsmen, in the best, As most affectionate and frankest bond; Brethren as one; and looking far beyond The world in an Electric Union blest!
When dealing with the present-day information society we should - as always - remain sceptical towards all forms of technological determinism and economic reductionism. ICTs have created a number of opportunities that we urgently need to exploit to their full capacity. They also have created a number of new problems, dysfunctions and distortions, which evenly need to be addressed urgently.
In short, technologies are only as good as the people that put them to use.
One of these problem areas that have captured our imagination has been called the digital divide. While the reduction of the differences in access to ICTs - both in Europe and at a global level - remains of crucial importance, we should keep in mind to include an emphasis on user skills, user needs and on content that is considered relevant by the users. Furthermore, we should also keep the societal context in mind: digital exclusion should remain strongly connected to the much broader phenomena of social and economic exclusion and poverty.
And social and economic exclusion (which includes digital exclusion) cannot be reversed without tackling the plurality of factors that leads to inequality. Creating access to ICTs is indeed one of the many tools for societal improvement but should be embedded in a more general perspective on inclusion, development and poverty reduction.
Moreover, access is not the only problem that puts a shadow over the information society s realisations. Here I would like to refer to Oscar Gandy s article in the Handbook of New Media (2002). In this article, which has the following title the real digital divide: citizens versus consumers , he sees the new media as widening the distinction between the citizen and the consumer. (Gandy, 2002: 448) His main concern is that the new economy will incorporate and thus foreclose the democratic possibilities of the new media. He continues by predicting that the balance between both models will eventually determine the role of ICTs (and more specifically of the Internet) in post-industrial democracy.
This prediction creates a serious challenge and requires a partial reorientation of our attention. The (democratic) needs of citizens as part of a wide range of diversified users communities should be taken more into account. This implies a more user - and needs-oriented approach that does not detach technological and economic development from the democratic society in which it takes place.
We lose too many opportunities to strengthen and deepen our democracies when we reduce ICT users to their role of consumers of commercial and government services. We also lose too much when we forget that we are living in an information and communication society, and not just in an information society. In other words, we should avoid that information becomes our new fetish, but instead try to discover how policies can support and stimulate a sustainable and democratic dialogue in Europe and in the world.
In short, more than ever before, we need to put citizens, and not technology, first. When the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that (among other things) asked for the active participation by non-governmental organisations in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), the stakes were high. The usually inaccessible arena of inter-state negotiations, at least partially, became accessible for civil society and business actors. Before, civil society was usually seen marching in protest, outside the summit location, a situation that is symbolised by the name of that one American city: Seattle.
In contrast to this exclusionary approach, the World Summit on the Information Society was announced as a major step forward regarding citizen participation. In one of the EU documents for the Preparatory Committee Meeting the summit itself is even seen as a model for the future role of civil society.
After the Geneva summit the disappointment of civil society actors can hardly be underestimated. I d like to quote from their Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the Information Society , which is called Shaping Information Societies for Human Needs (2003). The civil society representatives have agreed unanimously upon the following statement: At this step of the process, the first phase of the Summit, Geneva, December 2003, our voices and the general interest we collectively expressed are not adequately reflected in the Summit documents.
When I questioned Commissioner Erkki Liikanen on this matter, and on his plans towards stimulating and increasing citizens participation in the next phases of the WSIS, Liikanen expressed his appreciation for the involvement of civil society organizations in the process leading to the summit and in the summit itself. Despite the fact that (according to Commissioner Liikanen) the WSIS remains an intergovernmental summit, within the framework of the United Nations, he has witnessed the growing emergence of a lingua franca between governments and their civil societies.
Our information society is indeed in need of a lingua franca that respects the cultural diversity in and outside Europe; that creates a new balance between Europe and it citizens, and that strongly situates Europe in a more free, peaceful and just world.
References
European Union (EU). 2002. The UN World Summit on Information Society. The preparatory process. Reflections of the European Union (WSIS PrepCom1 document 19/6/02), Brussels: EU, accessed 15/11/2004, http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/telecoms/international/wsis/eu_paper_fin%20_en_19jun02.pdf.
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man . New York: Free Press.
Gandy, Oscar. 2002. The real digital divide: citizens versus consumers , pp. 449-460 in L. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone (eds.)