Trump's World

Description

Cairo Review of Global Affairs authors explain the forces behind Donald Trump's remarkable rise to the White House, and analyze the global challenges from Cuba to Egypt to China facing America's new president
An anthology from the pages of the Cairo Review of Global Affairs brings together experts from the Middle East and around the world for a penetrating insight into how maverick tycoon Donald Trump captured the White House and a comprehensive survey of the new America president's domestic and international challenges. This is a must-read collection of serious writing for everyone concerned about superpower relations, Middle East peace, migration and immigration, climate change, and other hot-button issues in the Trump Era. Among the anthology's 32 essays: "The Meaning of Trump" by Donald T. Critchlow; "American Poverty" by Bernie Sanders, "Islamophobes" by Moustafa Bayoumi; "The United States and Palestine" by Rashid Khalidi; "Struggle of the Middle East Refugees" by António Guterres; "How ISIS Will End" by Mark Juergensmeyer; "Failings of Political Islam" by Tarek Osman," "Unraveling in the Kremlin" by Lilia Shevtsova, and "After the Paris Agreement" by Hoda Baraka and Payal Parekh. With an introduction by former Egyptian Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmy.
Introduction
Nabil Fahmy
PART 1: CHALLENGES AT HOME
POLITICS
The Year of Living Dangerously
Stein Ringen
The Meaning of Trump
Donald T. Critchlow
Barack Obama's Presidency
James T. Kloppenberg
ECONOMY
American Poverty
Bernie Sanders
SOCIETY
#BlackLivesMatter
Reverend Charles Williams II
Islamophobes
Moustafa Bayoumi
The New Battle Over LGBTQ
Lillian Faderman
America's New Face
Julián Castro
A Deep, Deep Sleep
Tom Kutsch
PART 2: CHALLENGES ABROAD
MIDDLE EAST
America's Misadventures in the Middle East
Chas W. Freeman, Jr.
Picking up the Middle East Pieces
Perry Cammack
The United States and Palestine
Rashid Khalidi
Why Syria Matters
Nader Hashemi
Struggle of the Middle East Refugees
António Guterres
Egypt's Leaderless Revolution
David Ottaway and Marina Ottaway
The United States and Iran
John Limbert
What Went Wrong Edward Girardet
How ISIS Will End Mark Juergensmeyer
Failings of Political Islam
Tarek Osman
EUROPE
Unraveling in the Kremlin
Lilia Shevtsova
Marine Le Pen's Challenge
Alexandre Dézé, Nonna Mayer, and Sylvain Crépon
ASIA
Uncharted Waters
David Bell Mislan
Rule of the Princelings
Cheng Li
Unhappy Neighbors
Ngo Vinh Long
AMERICAS
A Long Road to Havana
William M. LeoGrande
Constitutional Stories
Aaron Mills
AFRICA
The Legacy of Nelson Mandela
John Carlin
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
After the Paris Agreement
Hoda Baraka and Payal Parekh

Sujets

• American Government
• Political Science
• National

Informations

• Publié par: The American University in Cairo Press
• Date de parution: 02 janvier 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 2
• EAN13: 9781617978128
• Langue: English

Extrait

Copyright © 2017 by
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy
The American University in Cairo
AUC Avenue P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835, Egypt
420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018
www.schools.aucegypt.edu/gapp

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN 978 1 61797 811 1
eISBN 978 1 61797 812 8

Version 1
CONTENTS
Introduction Nabil Fahmy
PART 1: Challenges at Home
POLITICS
The Year of Living Dangerously Stein Ringen
The Meaning of Trump Donald T. Critchlow
Barack Obama’s Presidency James T. Kloppenberg
ECONOMY
American Poverty Bernie Sanders
SOCIETY
#BlackLivesMatter Reverend Charles Williams II
Islamophobes Moustafa Bayoumi
The New Battle Over LGBTQ Lillian Faderman
America’s New Face Julián Castro
A Deep, Deep Sleep Tom Kutsch
PART 2: Challenges Abroad
MIDDLE EAST
America’s Misadventures in the Middle East Chas W. Freeman, Jr..
Picking up the Middle East Pieces Perry Cammack
The United States and Palestine Rashid Khalidi
Why Syria Matters Nader Hashemi
Struggle of the Middle East Refugees António Guterres
Egypt’s Leaderless Revolution David Ottaway and Marina Ottaway
The United States and Iran John Limbert
What Went Wrong Edward Girardet
How ISIS Will End Mark Juergensmeyer
Failings of Political Islam Tarek Osman
EUROPE
Unraveling in the Kremlin Lilia Shevtsova
Marine Le Pen’s Challenge Alexandre Dézé, Nonna Mayer, and Sylvain Crépon
ASIA
Uncharted Waters David Bell Mislan
Rule of the Princelings Cheng Li
Unhappy Neighbors Ngo Vinh Long
AMERICAS
A Long Road to Havana William M. LeoGrande
Constitutional Stories Aaron Mills
AFRICA
The Legacy of Nelson Mandela John Carlin
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
After the Paris Agreement Hoda Baraka and Payal Parekh

CONTRIBUTORS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Cover portrait of Donald Trump by Ammar Abo Bakr
Cover design by Jonathan Boylan
I ntroduction
By Nabil Fahmy
F ew predicted the Arab awakening that swept through the Middle East and North Africa in 2011. It served as a reminder for Arab leaders that their constituents, especially the youth, were tired of the perpetual political status quo that had created and enabled the repressive regimes to stay in power for over three decades. The youth demanded their right to join the liberal world order and reap the benefits that would come with it: democratic institutions, better governance, a more open society, and economic growth. They were in search of meaning, for their identity as young Arab members of liberal societies.
The year 2016 has demonstrated that the West, the liberal order the Arab World sought to become a part of, was going through an identity crisis of its own. In many liberal democracies those who feel left out, pushed aside, or forgotten by their establishment politicians spoke out for change, against the maintenance of the status quo. Few analysts predicted that Britain would leave the European Union, that Donald Trump would become the next president of the United States, or took seriously the rising tide of rightwing populist politics gaining ground in Europe and beyond. The rise of populism in the post-2008 financial crisis era has demonstrated that liberal democratic systems were neither perfect nor immune to an awakening in the age of globalization.
There are many reasons for this. The appeal of populism in the West grew when economies became sclerotic and establishment politicians seemed to favor the status quo. Wages stagnated, jobs for decades had moved from the rural areas to the urban centers, and low-paying jobs offshored to India and China. At the same time, education and living costs increased while political leaders assured their constituents that things were getting better. The richest 1 percent were getting richer, which to many indicated that globalization was benefitting mostly the wealthiest sectors of society, the elites, who had the resources to benefit from offshoring and the seemingly borderless flow of capital from London to New York to Hong Kong. The political and corporate elites appeared above the law while heavily regulating the lives of others.
For many the frustration that ensued is exacerbated by the liberal and internationalist norms that come with globalization and are espoused by many elites and cosmopolitans: more openness, be it in terms of free trade or the promotion of multiculturalism and diversity.
Especially after the start of the Syrian civil war and the subsequent refugee crisis overwhelming the European Union, immigration has become an increasingly contentious issue. Immigrants, coming from the global south, were seen not only as catalytic, stealing the jobs of the working class, but more importantly as changing the social fabric in many Western countries. Even though globalization had increased the flow of capital, goods, information, ideas, and people, it had not undermined attachment to national identity or enhanced the level of tolerance in our societies. Globalization and cosmopolitanism have failed to offer the same sense of belonging that adherence to national identity can foster. In fact, for many, globalization had resulted in the degradation of their nations. Populist slogans that tout the need to “take back control” and “restore our country” appeal to those feeling alienated by globalization and cosmopolitan norms that impinge upon national sovereignty.
People began to lose their faith in international and regional institutions whose job was to facilitate the process of globalization and economic integration while maintaining and promoting the liberal international order. The forces opposing globalization saw their countries being bound by transnational rules and international laws that reduce policy options available to domestic policymakers, thus impinging upon their national sovereignty. Russian President Vladimir Putin has argued that this liberal world order was politically motivated and directed by the West. Many governmental authorities in the Middle East and beyond share this belief. Thus, the politics of Putin and Trump are seen by many as a positive force in the global arena, steering the focus from promoting liberalism to a more realist approach to domestic affairs and international diplomacy.
The current world order was established in 1945 after World War II. This order has resulted in the longest period of peace among states and spurred unprecedented economic growth, especially in the West. It has also brought Europe from the brink of destruction, lifted millions out of poverty throughout the world, and spread new freedoms to many countries. However, the liberal world order has failed to secure national and other in-group identities. The promise of secular democracy based on liberalism has not been able to offer citizens a strong enough sense of meaning and belonging. It is not only the Middle East where young people are losing faith in politics; in the West people are becoming tired of the technocrats in liberal democracies maintaining the status quo.
Despite its flaws, in liberal democracies the possibility of compromise exists. However, leaders must uphold the democratic institutions and traditions that guarantee equal rights for everyone. In the Arab awakening many had a very naive understanding of what it means to be a citizen: what the responsibilities and obligations are. It now seems that citizens in liberal democracies have forgotten what it means to be a citizen. Many of them have not engaged in politics and have let their representatives function on their own. Liberal Western democracies have to have frank discussions about the limits of liberalism and define what it means to be a citizen of a liberal democracy. Democracy, especially liberal democracies, will only satisfy aspirations if their citizens actively participate in defining and evaluating policies governing issues in the public domain.
Let’s not, however, draw the wrong conclusions. Recent events do not prove that the aspirations of the Arab awakening or the principles of Western liberalism are wrong. But the turmoil and call for change did underline that both required wise leaders and inclusive governance.
PART 1: Challenges at Home
The Year of Living Dangerously
Trump’s Victory and the Brexit Vote in 2016 Highlight the Crisis of Democracy and the Need for Reform
By Stein Ringen
B rexit. Trump. In Britain, the country’s membership in the European Union is rejected in a referendum. In America, a maverick anti-establishment political outsider wins the presidency.
These results are monumental political upheavals in the two countries, with consequences that reach beyond their shores and throughout the world. Toward the end of 2016, the French president announced that he would not be seeking a second term, citing the pressure of extremist forces, and the Italian government was dispatched in a “populist” referendum. In Austria, the extreme anti-establishment attempt at the presidency failed, but the establishment candidates had already been dismissed before the final test. History will see 2016 as a watershed, the year of reaction.
Britain and America are the world’s core democracies. These countries have been bearers of a political–economic venture that has come to define the meaning of modern democracy. In 2016, to the surprise of winners