Epidemic Urbanism

Description

Includes 36 chapters that deploy interdisciplinary approaches to the analysis of the mutual relationship between pandemics and the built environment. The chapters share the story of a pandemic in a particular city or region from five continents, and are organized in four sections to convey the mechanisms of change that affect vulnerabilities and responses to epidemic illnesses: 'Urban Governance', 'Urban Life', 'Urban Infrastructure' and 'Urban Design and Planning'. Two prominent scholars from the disciplines of public health and medical anthropology provide a prologue and epilogue: Sandro Galea writes on 'Pandemics and urban health', and Richard J. Jackson on 'Urbanism and architecture in the post-COVID era'.

The contributors to this new study are historians, public health experts, art and architectural historians, sociologists, anthropologists, doctors and nurses. In researching their contributions, all have spoken to an audience that includes the public, practitioners and academic readers; the resultant case studies reveal a diverse range of urban interventions that are connected to the impact of epidemics on society and urban life, as well as the conceptualization of and response to disease.

Epidemic illnesses – not only a product of biology, but also social and cultural phenomena – are as old as cities themselves. The recent pandemic has put into perspective the impact of epidemic illness on urban life and exposed the vulnerabilities of the societies it ravages as much as the bodies it infects. How can epidemics help us understand urban environments? How might insights from the outbreak and responses to previous urban epidemics inform our understanding of the current world? With these questions in mind, this book gathers scholarship from a range of disciplines to present case studies from across the globe, each demonstrating how cities in particular are not just the primary place of exposure and quarantine, but also the site and instrument of intervention.

This book seeks to explore the profound and complex ways that architecture and landscape design were impacted by historical epidemics around the world, from North America to Africa and Australia, and to convey this information in a way that meaningfully engages a public readership. The chapters analyse the development of urban infrastructure, institutions and spaces in western and eastern societies in response to historical pandemics. They also demonstrate how epidemic illnesses, and their responses, exploit and amplify social inequality in the urban contexts and communities they impact.

Preface – Mohammad Gharipour and Caitlin DeClercq

Prologue: Pandemics and urban health – Sandro Galea

PART 1: URBAN GOVERNANCE: POLITICS AND MANAGEMENT 

1. Plague in Sibiu and the first quarantine plan in Central Europe, 1510 – Katalin Szende and Ottó Gecser

2. Mughal governance, mobility, and responses to the plague in Agra, India, 1618–19  – Mehreen Chida-Razvi

3. Urban governance, economic intervention, and the plague in Bristol, England, 1665–66 – Andrew Wells

4. Smallpox and the specter of Mexican citizenship, 1826 – Farren Yero

5. Complacency, confusion, and the mismanagement of cholera in York, England, 1832 – Ann-Marie Akehurst

6. Cholera, the Roman aqueduct, and urban renewal in Naples, Italy, 1860–1914 – Sofia Greaves

7. The contested governance of border railways and the plague of Northeast China, 1910–11 – Yongming Chen and Yishen Chen

8. Print, politics, and the smallpox epidemic in Terre Haute, USA, 1902–3 – Allen Shotwell

9. Colonialism, racism, and the government response to bubonic plague in Nairobi, Kenya, 1895–1910 – Catherine Odari

PART 2: URBAN LIFE: CULTURE AND SOCIETY 

10. Women, social solidarities, and the plague in 17th-century Newcastle, England – Rachel Clamp

11. The Jewish ghetto as a space of quarantine in Prague, 1713 – Joshua Teplitsky

12. Hygiene and urban life in the 'District of Death' in 19th-century Istanbul – Fezanur Karaağaçlıoğlu

13. Religious rituals and cholera in the shrine cities of 19th-century Iran – Fuchsia Hart

14. Social life, illness, and the marketplace in Kumasi, Ghana, from the 20th century to the present – George Osei and Shobana Shankar

15. The city as field hospital and the influenza epidemic in Seattle, USA, 1918–19 – Louisa Iarocci

16. Rural migrants, smallpox, and civic surgery in 20th-century Baghdad, Iraq – Huma Gupta

17. House, social Life, and smallpox in Kathmandu, Nepal, 1963 – Susan Heydon

18. Meningitis, shared environments, and inequality in São Paulo, Brazil, 1971–75 – Daniela Sandler

PART 3: URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE: PERMANENCE AND CHANGE

19. Epidemics and the royal control of public health in Lisbon, Portugal, 1480–95 – Danielle Abdon

20. The Guadalquivir River and plague in Seville, Spain, in the 16th century – Kristy Wilson Bowers

21. Social inequity and hospital infrastructure in the City of Puebla, Mexico, 1737 – Juan Luis Burke

22. Colonial infrastructure, ecology, and epidemics in Dhaka, 1858–1947 – Mohammad Hossain

23. South American health conventions, social stratification, and the Ilha Grande Lazaretto in Brazil, 1886 – Niuxa Dias Drago, Ana Paula Polizzo, and Fernando Delgado

24. Plague, displacement, and ecological disruption in Bombay, India, 1896 – Emily Webster

25. French urbanism, Vietnamese resistance, and the plague in Hanoi, Vietnam, 1885–1910 – Michael Vann

26. Building a community on Leprosy Island in the Philippines, 1898–1941 – Mary Anne Alabanza Akers

27. Shifting health paradigms and infrastructure in Australia in the 20th century – Karen Daws and Julie Willis

PART 4: URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING: INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

28. Urban design, social epidemiology, and the bubonic plague of Palermo, Italy, 1575–76 – Carlo Trombino

29. Cholera and housing reform in Victorian London, England, 1850–1900 – Irina Davidovici

30. Public health, urban development, and cholera in Tokyo, Japan, 1877–95 – Susan L. Burns

31. The Hong Kong plague and public parks in the British settlements of Shanghai and Tianjin, China, 1894 – Yichi Zhang

32. Rebuilding the British Seamen’s Hospital at Smyrna in the wake of smallpox and cholera epidemics, 1892 – Işılay Tiarnagh Sheridan Gün and Erdem Erten

33. Spatial change and the cholera epidemic in Manila, the Philippines, 1902–4 –  Ian Morley

34. Plague, housing, and battles over segregation in colonial Dakar, Senegal, 1914 – Gregory Valdespino

35. Urban transformation and public health policies in post-influenza Lagos, Nigeria, 1918 – Timothy Oluseyi Odeyale

36. Urban landscape transformations and the malaria control scheme in Mauritius, 1948–51 – Nicole de Lalouvière

Epilogue: Post-COVID urbanism and architecture – Richard J. Jackson

Glossary

Bibliography

Authors’ biographies

Index

Sujets

• Santé et bien-être
• Santé du quotidien
• architectural history
• General officer
• General
• History
• Architecture

Informations

• Publié par: Intellect Books
• Date de parution: 19 août 2021
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781789384697
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

Epidemic Urbanism
Epidemic Urbanism

Contagious Diseases in Global Cities
edited by
Mohammad Gharipour and Caitlin DeClercq
First published in the UK in 2021 by
Intellect, The Mill, Parnall Road, Fishponds, Bristol, BS16 3JG, UK
First published in the USA in 2021 by
Intellect, The University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th Street,
Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Copyright © 2021 Intellect Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover designer: Alex Szumlas
Cover image: Swan Hill Hospital, diphtheria tent, photograph by George Hamilton, 1910 (Courtesy of the Swan Hill Regional Library) and Social distancing circles at Domino Park, New York City (Photograph by Jaclyn Skidmore, March 2021)
Copy editors: Angela Andersen and Newgen
Production manager: Mareike Wehner
Typesetting: Newgen
Hardback ISBN 978-1-78938-467-3
Paperback ISBN 978-1-78938-470-3
ePDF ISBN 978-1-78938-468-0
ePub ISBN 978-1-78938-469-7
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This is a peer-reviewed publication
Dedication
We dedicate this book to the global community of scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and members of the public who are part of the Epidemic Urbanism Initiative (EUI). As COVID-19 traversed cities across the world and put into stark and urgent focus the need for new solutions to effectively and equitably respond to current and future pandemics, in March 2020, Mohammad Gharipour and Caitlin DeClercq established the EUI to create an interdisciplinary community of scholars whose work explores the history of cities and epidemics, innovate new methods and approaches for teaching history and public health, and educate the public and policymakers on the relevance of history to contemporary issues and challenges regarding COVID-19 and its social and spatial impacts. Through the convening of four international symposia and ongoing online conversations with experts and practitioners from diverse fields including architecture, medicine, public health, art, history, and architectural history—all of which are publicly accessible online—the EUI has grown to be a dynamic community of more than 1,600 participants from more than 90 countries as of March 2021. This volume is in honor of this community.
Contents
Preface
Mohammad Gharipour and Caitlin DeClercq
Prologue: Pandemics and Urban Health
Sandro Galea
PART 1: Urban Governance: Politics and Management

1. Plague in Sibiu and the First Quarantine Plan in Central Europe, 1510
Katalin Szende and Ottó Gecser
2. Mughal Governance, Mobility, and Responses to the Plague in Agra, India, 1618–19
Mehreen Chida-Razvi
3. Urban Governance, Economic Intervention, and the Plague in Bristol, England, 1665–66
Andrew Wells
4. Smallpox and the Specter of Mexican Citizenship, 1826
Farren Yero
5. Complacency, Confusion, and the Mismanagement of Cholera in York, England, 1832
Ann-Marie Akehurst
6. Cholera, the Roman Aqueduct, and Urban Renewal in Naples, Italy, 1860–1914
Sofia Greaves
7. The Contested Governance of Border Railways and the Plague of Northeast China, 1910–11
Yongming Chen and Yishen Chen
8. Print, Politics, and the Smallpox Epidemic in Terre Haute, USA, 1902–3
Allen Shotwell
9. Colonialism, Racism, and the Government Response to Bubonic Plague in Nairobi, Kenya, 1895–1910
Catherine Odari
PART 2: Urban Life: Culture and Society

10. Women, Social Solidarities, and the Plague in 17th-Century Newcastle, England
Rachel Clamp
11. The Jewish Ghetto as a Space of Quarantine in Prague, 1713
Joshua Teplitsky
12. Hygiene and Urban Life in the “District of Death” in 19th-Century Istanbul
Fezanur Karaağaçlıoğlu
13. Religious Rituals and Cholera in the Shrine Cities of 19th-Century Iran
Fuchsia Hart
14. Social Life, Illness, and the Marketplace in Kumasi, Ghana, from the 20th Century to the Present
George Osei and Shobana Shankar
15. The City as Field Hospital and the Influenza Epidemic in Seattle, USA, 1918–19
Louisa Iarocci
16. Rural Migrants, Smallpox, and Civic Surgery in 20th-Century Baghdad, Iraq
Huma Gupta
17. House, Social Life, and Smallpox in Kathmandu, Nepal, 1963
Susan Heydon
18. Meningitis, Shared Environments, and Inequality in São Paulo, Brazil, 1971–75
Daniela Sandler
PART 3: Urban Infrastructure: Permanence and Change

19. Epidemics and the Royal Control of Public Health in Lisbon, Portugal, 1480–95
Danielle Abdon
20. The Guadalquivir River and Plague in Seville, Spain, in the 16th Century
Kristy Wilson Bowers
21. Social Inequity and Hospital Infrastructure in the City of Puebla, Mexico, 1737
Juan Luis Burke
22. Colonial Infrastructure, Ecology, and Epidemics in Dhaka, 1858–1947
Mohammad Hossain
23. South American Health Conventions, Social Stratification, and the Ilha Grande Lazaretto in Brazil, 1886
Niuxa Dias Drago, Ana Paula Polizzo, and Fernando Delgado
24. Plague, Displacement, and Ecological Disruption in Bombay, India, 1896
Emily Webster
25. French Urbanism, Vietnamese Resistance, and the Plague in Hanoi, Vietnam, 1885–1910
Michael Vann
26. Building a Community on Leprosy Island in the Philippines, 1898–1941
Mary Anne Alabanza Akers
27. Shifting Health Paradigms and Infrastructure in Australia in the 20th Century
Karen Daws and Julie Willis
PART 4: Urban Design and Planning: Interventions and Implications

28. Urban Design, Social Epidemiology, and the Bubonic Plague of Palermo, Italy, 1575–76
Carlo Trombino
29. Cholera and Housing Reform in Victorian London, England, 1850–1900
Irina Davidovici
30. Public Health, Urban Development, and Cholera in Tokyo, Japan, 1877–95
Susan L. Burns
31. The Hong Kong Plague and Public Parks in the British Settlements of Shanghai and Tianjin, China, 1894
Yichi Zhang
32. Rebuilding the British Seamen’s Hospital at Smyrna in the Wake of Smallpox and Cholera Epidemics, 1892
Işılay Tiarnagh Sheridan Gün and Erdem Erten
33. Spatial Change and the Cholera Epidemic in Manila, the Philippines, 1902–4
Ian Morley
34. Plague, Housing, and Battles over Segregation in Colonial Dakar, Senegal, 1914
Gregory Valdespino
35. Urban Transformation and Public Health Policies in Post-Influenza Lagos, Nigeria, 1918
Timothy Oluseyi Odeyale
36. Urban Landscape Transformations and the Malaria Control Scheme in Mauritius, 1948–51
Nicole de Lalouvière
Epilogue: Post-COVID Urbanism and Architecture
Richard J. Jackson
Glossary
Bibliography
Authors’ Biographies
Index
Preface
Mohammad Gharipour and Caitlin DeClercq
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in late 2019 and its rapid spread in early 2020 gave impetus to this project. In May 2020, while sheltering in place due to COVID-19, we convened eighteen scholars from across the world to participate in an online symposium, “Epidemic Urbanism: Reflections on History,” and share case studies that showcased how past epidemics have affected urban life and space across diverse time periods and geographies. The work of this symposium and the subsequent worsening of the COVID-19 pandemic put into stark, urgent perspective the need to study epidemics and pandemics as a means to understanding and responding to the many crises provoked by the societal, institutional, infrastructural, and professional impacts of contagious diseases within urban settings, and to engage public, practitioner, and academic audiences in this discourse. 1
Indeed, outbreaks of COVID-19 had a disproportionate impact on the populations of global cities and profoundly changed the way people were permitted to inhabit, use, and move through urban spaces. Responses to this pandemic called into question precisely which urban interventions might be necessary to mitigate severe viral illnesses and prevent future outbreaks. The need to consider cities as both vectors of illness and sites of prevention and intervention is not new—both the biological and sociocultural phenomena that drive and respond to contagion are embedded in human settlements and cities themselves, from private latrines and municipal sewers to hospitals and quarantine stations. COVID-19 is just one of a series of historical and recent pandemics, including the bubonic plague, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Ebola, which have forced an examination of the impact of epidemic illness on urban life and exposed the vulnerabilities of the societies they ravage alongside the bodies they infect. 2
Many scholars have written about the social trajectory of past epidemics and pandemics from medical, sociological, and even religious studies perspectives, exploring how patterns of illnesses are first observed and defined, the anxiety that accompanies outbreaks of contagious illnesses, and the identification of certain practices, communities, and places as pathological and disease-causing; the analysis in the literature reveals the ways in which these factors illuminate or obscure the vectors of illness and the ways in which underlying issues like racism, segregation, and political strife and distrust exacerbate the impact and spread of epidemic illnesses. The case studies in this volume extend and amplify these observations by focusing on the built environment across a range of global contexts from the 14th to the 21st centuries.
This emphasis on the physical environment is a primary contribution of the chapters in this volume, which collectively demonstrate that connection, commerce, inequity, and neglect emerge as determinants of illne