Stereotomy

Arthur Willard French

Description

“Stereotomy” is a comprehensive handbook on stereotomy, the art or technique of cutting stone, with chapters on quarrying, cutting, finishing, tools and equipment, masonry, and much more. Written in simple, plain language and profusely illustrated, this volume will be of considerable utility to modern readers with a practical interest in stone-cutting. Contents include: “Description of Building Stones”, “Description of Trap, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone. Local Names. Artificial Stone”, “Quarrying”, “Method of Quarrying: by Hand-tools; by Explosives—The Drills.”, “Stone-cutting Tools”, “Eighteen Hand-tools Illustrated and Described. Machine Tools.”, “Methods of Finishing the Surfaces”, etc. Many vintage books such as this are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. We are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition complete the original text and artwork. “Stereotomy” was first published in 1902.

Informations

• Publié par: Read Books Ltd.
• Date de parution: 16 octobre 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781528762427
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

STEREOTOMY.
BY
ARTHUR W. FRENCH, C.E.,
Professor of Civil Engineering , Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Assoc . M . Am . Soc . C . E .
AND
HOWARD C. IVES, C.E.,
Instructor in Civil Engineering , Worcester Polytechnic Institute ; Jun . Am . Soc . C . E .
FIRST EDITION. FIRST THOUSAND .
1902.
PREFACE.

I T is believed that, for some time, there has been a need for a text-book on stereotomy which should furnish, in addition to the valuable exercises in projections now given by a number of works, practical examples of modern masonry structures, directions for the preparation of drawings which are daily made by engineers and architects, and more of the practical detail of building stone masonry.
Chapters I and II are intended to give the student an outline of those features of masonry construction which must be in mind in properly drawing plans for stonework. In courses of study where masonry and foundations precedes stereotomy, much of the matter in these chapters might well be omitted. Article 4 of Chapter II is thought to contain all that is necessary for the direction of the work of preparing plaster models. The making of a perfect model by the student insures a complete understanding of the problem.
Chapters III and IV contain the problems of most frequent occurrence, and for many courses will furnish ample work for the class.
Chapter V , on the Oblique Arch, has been given at the suggestion of several professors, and it is thought that although the use of concrete and brick has removed the necessity of building skew-arches with spiral courses of cut stone, the problem is a valuable one for the student to master. Examples of the false skew-arch and the skew-arch with ribs are taken from late practice.
Chapter VI contains three problems of rare occurrence, and are given in condensed form.
No claim is made for originality in the text, the aim of the authors having been to select matter from older works, to condense where possible, add explanations where it was deemed necessary, and to bring together matter that has been found scattered through many works.
It is hoped that the effort may be of value to teachers and students of our technical schools.
In the preparation of the articles on the Oblique Arch full acknowledgment must be made to the help received from Buck s Essay on Oblique Bridges, to Crowell On the Design and Construction of the Oakley Arch, to Dobson s Masonry and Stone-cutting, and to several of the books and articles mentioned in the Bibliography of the Oblique Arch. As far as possible acknowledgment has been made in the text.
The authors wish also to acknowledge their indebtedness to Mr. E. F. Miner and the Norcross Bros., for kind permission to use Plates IV-VII, on the Worcester City Hall and on Church Masonry; to Mr. H. P. Boardman, for information in regard to the construction of the Glasgow Bridge Piers (Plates XII and XIII); to Mr. W. J. Wilgus, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Chief Engineer of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, for permission to use Plate XV; to the Engineering News , for use of half-tones (Figs. 40 and 41); to Mr. H. B. Seaman, M. Am. Soc. C. E., for Fig. 42 of the Pelham Arch; to Mr. A. S. Cheever, Ass t Chief Engineer of the Boston and Maine Railroad for permission to use Plate XIX; to Mr. Foster Crowell, M. Am. Soc. C. E., for suggestions on the method of treatment of the oblique arch, and for examples of this form of construction; to Mr. Henry L. Fifield, of the senior class of the Institute, for his skill and patience in preparing the drawings for most of the plates and illustrations in the book; to Prof. W. D. Pence, of Purdue University, to Prof. A. L. Smith of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and to numerous other professors in different institutions, for suggestions freely given; and especially to President E. A. Engler, of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, for suggestions and criticism.
A. W. F.
H. C. I.

W ORCESTER P OLYTECHNIC I NSTITUTE , September, 1902.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS.
A RT . 1. D ESCRIPTION OF B UILDING S TONES
Description of Trap, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone. Local Names. Artificial Stone.
A RT . 2. Q UARRYING
Methods of Quarrying: by Hand-tools; by Explosives-the Drills.
A RT . 3. S TONE-CUTTING T OOLS
Eighteen Hand-tools Illustrated and Described. Machine Tools.
A RT . 4. M ETHODS OF F INISHING THE S URFACES
Unsquared Stones. Squared Stones. Cut Stones.
A RT . 5. D EFINITIONS OF P ARTS OF THE S TRUCTURE
A RT . 6. C LASSIFICATION OF M ASONRY
Masonry. Stone Masonry. Rubble Masonry. Squared-stone Masonry. Ashlar. First, Second, or Third-class Masonry.
A RT . 7. G ENERAL R ULES AND S PECIFICATIONS
General Rules. Ashlar Masonry; dressing, bond, backing, pointing. Squared-stone Masonry. Rubble Masonry. Description of Stone Masonry. First-class Masonry. Second-class Masonry. Third-class Masonry.
CHAPTER II. STONE-CUTTING.
A RT . 1. D EFINITIONS
Stereotomy. Classification of Structures.
A RT . 2. R EMARKS ON P REPARATION OF D RAWINGS
Drawings of the Structure; the plan, sectional plans, elevations, sections. Drawings of Individual Stones.
A RT . 3. M ETHODS OF C UTTING S TONES . D IRECTING-INSTRUMENTS
Forming of Plane Surfaces. Cylindrical Surfaces. Conical Surfaces. Warped Surfaces.
A RT . 4. M ODELS IN P LASTER
General Directions. Cutting. Casting. Moulds. Pouring.
CHAPTER III. PLANE-SIDED STRUCTURES.
A RT . 1. N OTATION
A RT . 2. T HE B UTTRESS
A RT . 3. T HE R ECESSED F LAT A RCH OR P LATE-BAND
A RT . 4. B RIDGE P IER WITH P LANE F ACES
Pier 3 of the Middletown and Portland Bridge.
A RT . 5. B RIDGE A BUTMENT
A RT . 6. A RCHITECTURAL S TONEWORK
The Worcester City Hall. Church Masonry.
CHAPTER IV. STRUCTURES CONTAINING DEVELOPABLE SURFACES.
A RT . 1. A RCHES . D EFINITIONS
Parts of an Arch. Kinds of Arches.
A RT . 2. G EOMETRICAL C ONSTRUCTIONS
Arcs of Circles. Radius of a Segmental Arch. Length of a Circular Arc. Five Methods of Constructing an Ellipse. Tangent to an Ellipse. Joints in an Elliptic Arch. Parabola; two methods of constructing; tangent to; ordinates.
A RT . 3. O VALS
Uses. Three-centered Ovals; general construction; 60 arcs; ratio of radii of arcs a minimum; length of arcs. Five-centered Ovals; conforming to an ellipse; lengths of arcs; examples.
A RT . 4. A C YLINDRICAL A RCH IN A C IRCULAR W ALL
A RT . 5. T HE H ORIZONTAL F ULL-CENTERED A RCH
A RT . 6. D EFINITIONS . G ROINED AND C LOISTERED A RCHES . T HE G ROINED A RCH
A RT . 7. T HE C LOISTERED A RCH
A RT . 8. T HE D ESCENDING A RCH
A RT . 9. H IGH B RIDGE P IER
Piers of the Glasgow Bridge over the Missouri River.
A RT . 10. A RCH C ULVERTS
Stone Arch Culvert. Standard 10 10 Foot Concrete Arch Culvert, New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.
A RT . 11. M ASONRY A RCH B RIDGES
The Bellefield Arch Bridge. The West Bridge, Elyria, Ohio. The Pelham Arch.
CHAPTER V. THE OBLIQUE OR SKEW ARCH.
A RT . 1. D EFINITIONS . M ECHANICS OF THE A RCH . M ETHODS OF C ONSTRUCTION . E LEMENTARY P RINCIPLES OF THE H ELICOIDAL M ETHOD
A RT . 2. A H ELICOIDAL O BLIQUE A RCH
The Sixth Street Arch, Reading, Pa., taken as an Example. All Necessary Calculations. Construction of the Drawings. Directing-instruments and Method of Working a Regular Voussoir. Face-stones. The Impost and Saw-teeth Skew-backs. Locking the Ring-stones. Erection. Voussoir in Plaster.
A RT . 3. T HE C OW S-HORN M ETHOD . T HE L OGARITHMIC M ETHOD
A RT . 4. B IBLIOGRAPHY OF THE O BLIQUE A RCH
A RT . 5. T HE F ALSE S KEW-ARCH
The New Street Arch of the Fitchburg Railroad. Additional Examples.
A RT . 6. T HE S KEW-ARCH WITH R IBS
The Trenton Bridge, Pennsylvania Railroad. Additional Examples.
CHAPTER VI. OTHER PROBLEMS .
A RT . 1. T HE R ECESSED M ARSEILLES G ATE
A RT . 2. T HE H EMISPHERICAL D OME
A RT . 3. S TAIRS
The Geometrical Stairway.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

1-7. Stone-cutter s Tools: Double-face Hammer, Face-hammer, Cavil, Pick, Axe, Tooth-axe, Bush-hammer
8-17. Stone-cutter s Tools: Crandall, Patent Hammer, Hand-hammer, Mallet, Pitching-chisel, Point, Chisel, Tooth-chisel, Splitting-chisel, Plug and Feathers
18. Quarry-faced Surface
19. Pitch-faced Surface
20. Drafted Stone
21. Rough-pointed Surface
22. Fine-pointed Surface
23. Crandalled Surface
24. Axed Surface
25. Bush-hammered Surface
26. Diamond-panel Surface
27. Uncoursed Rubble Masonry
28. Coursed Rubble Masonry
29. Range Work Masonry
30. Broken Range Masonry
31. Random Work Masonry
32. Method of Forming Plane Surface
33. Method of Forming Cylindrical Surface
34. Method of Forming Warped Surface
35. Mould for Casting
36. Length of Courses in a Buttress
37. Perspective of an Arch
38. Groined Arch
39. Cloistered Arch
40. The Bellefield Arch
41. The West Bridge, Elyria, Ohio
42. The Pelham Arch
43. Sketch of Skew-arch Illustrating Definitions
44. Generation of a Helix
45. Generation of a Helicoidal Surface
46. The Cow s-Horn Arch
47. The Logarithmic Skew-arch
FOLDING-PLATES AT END OF VOLUME.

I. The Buttress. The Recessed Flat Arch or Plate-band.
II. Bridge Pier with Plane Faces.
III. Wing Abutment.
IV. Key Plan, Worcester City Hall.
V. Portion of Worcester City