The 2000-2009 Factbook : A Decade in Review

Dan Bell

Description

More than any other moment in recent history, the turn of the millennium, and the arrival of a new decade, was entered with a mixture of hope, scepticism and feverish speculation. But the first decade of the 21st century brought us unexpected events...From an initial feeling of anticlimax due to the non-event of the Year 2000 Computer Bug, the decade soon lurched into terror and war, and ended with financial meltdown. This was a decade that opened the world up - you could tweet Barack Obama, poke Idol Winners or just be yourself on any Social Media outlet. It was also a decade that tied us down, with fear, suspicion and CCTV lurking on every corner. From the 'Millennium Bug' to bird flu, from 9/11 to 7/7, from Facebook to iPod and Wiki to Wii, one way or another it has been a remarkable decade. This is the book that covers it all.

Get answers to virtually any question with this impressive compendium of information. The 2000-2009 Factbook is the most viewed reference book of all time, with millions of references. This compendium of information is the source for all your entertainment, reference, and learning needs. A treasure trove of political, economic, scientific and educational statistics and information, the book contains thousands of facts, making it a must-have for students, teachers, and anyone with a thirst for knowledge.

9/11. Katrina. Iraq and Afghanistan. The economy. Barack Obama. Not since the 1960s have the events of a single decade so rocked the world. All of the stunning events are revisited as you look back at the extraordinary first decade of the new millennium. All the fun and exciting stories, from Pop Idol to Pirates of the Caribbean, Harry Potter to vampire-mania, are recaptured as well. Our view of the world around us has changed in the past ten years. In this special book, you see why.

Starting with the 2000's and then diving into every year from 2000 to 2009 with selected content from the highest rated Wiki entries, typeset, printed and shipped, combine the advantages of up-to-date and in-depth knowledge with the convenience of printed books. A portion of the proceeds of each book will be donated to the WikiMedia Foundation to support their mission.

Sujets

• Reference

Informations

• Publié par: Emereo Publishing
• Date de parution: 24 octobre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781486431977
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 18 Mo

Extrait

The 2000s Decade 2000-2009 in Review Topic relevant selected content from the highest rated wiki entries, typeset, printed and shipped.

Combine the advantages of up-to-date and in-depth knowledge with the convenience of printed books.

A portion of the proceeds of each book will be donated to the Wikimedia Foundation to support their mission: to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally.

The content within this book was generated collaboratively by volunteers. Please be advised that nothing found here has necessarily been reviewed by people with the expertise required to provide you with complete, accurate or reliable information. Some information in this book maybe misleading or simply wrong. The publisher does not guarantee the validity of the information found here. If you need specific advice (for example, medical, legal, financial, or risk management) please seek a professional who is licensed or knowledgeable in that area.

Sources, licenses and contributors of the articles and images are listed in the section entitled "References". Parts of the books may be licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. A copy of this license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation

Contents Articles 2000s (decade) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 References Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Article Licenses License

1 32 47 60 76 94 117 133 163 189 215

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2000s (decade) 1 2000s (decade) From top-left, clockwise: the September 11 attacks in 2001; the Boxing Day tsunami in 2004; The Euro; Social media / Web 2.0 ; the International Space Station ISS; Saddam Hussein shortly after the Invasion of Iraq in 2003; and in the center, the opening of the Beijing Olympics in 2008. Millennium : 3rd millennium Centuries: 20th centuryದ21st centuryದ22nd century Decades : 1970s 1980s 1990sದ2000sದ2010s 2020s 2030s Years: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Categories: BirthsದDeaths ದ Architecture Establishments ದ Disestablishm nts The 2000s was the decade that started on January 1, 2000 and ended on December 31, 2009. It was the decade in which the 21st century and 3rd millennium began. [1] [2] Globalization, which had intensified in the post-Cold War 1990s, continued to influence the world in the 2000s. [3] [4] [5] The institutions, linkages and technologies that emerged or were redefined earlier would subsequently in this decade benefit many countries, in particular China and India. However in other parts of the world such progress failed to address ongoing struggles with modernity, most notably characterized by the rise of al-Qaeda and other [6] Islamist groups. The September 11 attacks in 2001 ultimately led to the United States, United Kingdom and other [7] nations controversially invading and occupying Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as implementing various anti-terrorist measures at home and abroad in what was known as the War on Terror. The European Union saw further integration and expansion throughout much of Europe. The economic growth of the 2000s, while responsible for lifting millions out of poverty, also had environmental consequences, raised demand for diminishing energy resources, and was still shown to be vulnerable as demonstrated during the Global Financial Crisis of the late [8] 2000s.

2000s (decade) Names of the Decade Unlike previous decades, the 2000s have not yet attained a universally accepted name in the English-speaking [9] [10] [11] world.. Orthographically, the decade can be written as "2000s" or "'00s". Some people read "2000s" as "two-thousands" and thus simply refer to the decade as "the two-thousands". Some read it as the "00s" (pronounced "Ohs"), as the single years within the decade are usually referred to as starting with an "Oh", such as "Oh-Eight". On January 1, 2000, the [12] BBC listed "The Noughties" (derived from "nought" a word used for zero in many English-speaking countries), [13] as a potential moniker for the new decade . Others advocate the term "The Aughts", which was widely used at the beginning of the previous century, sometimes even combining it with "Naught" to put a linguistic twist on the time [14] period, such as "The Naught Aughts", or even "The Naughty Aughties" .Slate Magazine puts another humorous [15] twist on the "00s" as the "Uh-Ohs" in reference to society's inability to come up with a name. The American Dialect Society holds a lighthearted annual poll for word of the year and related subcategories; for 2009, the winner of "least likely to succeed" was "Any name of the decade 2000ದ2009, such as Naughties, Aughties, [16] Oughties, etc." Politics and wars [17] [18] The "War on Terrorism" and War in Afghanistan began after the September 11 attacks in 2001. The International Criminal Court was formed a year later. A United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, and the Iraq war led to the end of Saddam Hussein's rule as Iraqi President and the Ba'ath Party regime in Iraq. Al-Qaeda and affiliated Islamist militant groups performed terrorist acts throughout the decade. These acts included the Madrid Train Bombings in 2004, 7/7 London Bombings in 2005, and the Mumbai attacks related to al-Qaeda in 2008. The EU expanded, incorporating some former Eastern block nations. North Korea and Iran were seen as strong nuclear threats, following two North Korea nuclear tests, and Iran's failure to comply with its transparency obligations under the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty and UN resolutions. The War on Terrorism generated extreme controversy around the world, with questions regarding the justification for U.S. actions leading to a loss of support for the American government, both in and outside the United States. Additional armed conflict occurred in the Middle East, including between Israel and Hezbollah, then with Israel and the Hamas. The greatest loss of life due to natural disaster came from the 2004 tsunami killing around a quarter-million people and displacing well over a million others. Cooperative international rescue missions by many countries from around the world including the United States helped in efforts by the most affected nations to rebuild and recover from the devastation. An enormous loss of life and property value came in 2005, when Hurricane Katrina flooded nearly the entire city of New Orleans. The resulting political fallout was severely damaging to the George W. Bush administration because of its perceived failure to act promptly and effectively. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, and became the first African-American U.S. president when he [19] succeeded Bush in 2009.

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2000s (decade) Terrorist attacks • September 11, 2001 attacks in Washington, D.C., New York City and Shanksville, Pennsylvania (nearly 3,000 killed) •2001 anthrax attacks commence September 18, 2001 as The letters containing anthrax spores are mailed from Princeton, New Jersey to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, theNew York Post, and to theNational Enquirerat American Media, [20] Inc. (AMI) in Boca Raton, Florida. . 22 in total are exposed; 5 of them die. • December 22, 2001 - Would be al Queda terrorist Richard Reid aka the Shoebomber unsuccessfully tried to blow up American The World Trade Center in New York City as seen on Airlines Flight 63 from Paris, France to Miami, on which he September 11, 2001. was a passenger. •Bali Bombings in Bali, Indonesia (202 killed) 2002 •Istanbul bombings in Istanbul, Turkey (57 killed) 2003 •Madrid train bombings (nearly 200 killed) 2004 • Beslan school hostage crisis - began on 1 September 2004 when a group of armed Ingush and Chechen militants took more than 1,100 people (including 777 children) hostage at a school Beslan, Northern Ossetia, a region of the Russian Federation. The hostage-takers demand the release of Chechen terrorists imprisoned in neighbouring Ingushetia and the independence of Chechnya from Russia. On the third day of the standoff Russian forces end the siege at a school. At least 334 hostages were killed, including 186 children; at least 700 were injured and many were reported missing. • 7 July 2005 London bombings (56 killed) •Airport Attack 30 June 2007 Glasgow •9 2005 Amman bombings (59 killed) November •Mumbai attacks (nearly 300 killed) 2008 • Fort Hood shooting - a mass shooting that took place on November 5, 2009, at the Fort Hood military base in Texas (13 killed and 30 wounded). •Airlines Flight 253 is attacked on 25 December 2009 by a Nigerian terrorist who tries to blow up the Northwest aircraft using a small explosive device, causing only a small fire inside the plane, which is extinguished by a flight attendant; the man is subdued by passengers and crew. Wars

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2000s (decade) •on Terrorism (2001 War ದpresent) - The September 11 attacks led to the War in Afghanistan, and War in Iraq under the larger heading the war on terrorism. •in Afghanistan (2001 War ದpresent) - In 2001, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada invaded Afghanistan seeking to oust the Taliban and find Al-Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden. •in Iraq (2003-present) - In 2003, the United War The Iraq War States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded and occupied Iraq after a dispute over the status of the Iraqi Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical weapons programs. The war led to the fall of Saddam Hussein. • ArabದIsraeli conflict (Early 20th century-present) • 2006 Lebanon War (summer 2006) - took place in southern Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The war which began as military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the A Qassam rocket fired from a civilian area in Gaza towards southern Hezbollah, gradually strengthened and became a Israel during the 2008ದ2009 IsraelದGaza conflict, January wider confrontation. 2009 • 2008ದ2009 IsraelದGaza conflict - the frequent Hamas Qassam rocket and mortar fire launched from within civilian population centers in Gaza towards the Israeli southern civilian communities led to an Israeli military operation in Gaza which had the stated aim of reducing the Hamas rocket attacks and stopping the arms smuggling into the Gaza Strip. Throughout the conflict Hamas further intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against Israel, hitting civilian targets and reaching major Israeli cities Beersheba and Ashdod for the first time. The intense urban warfare in densely populated Gaza and the intensified Hamas rocket attacks towards populated Israeli civilian targets lead to a high toll on both sides and among civilians.

• The Second Congo War (1998ದ2003) - took place largely in the territory of Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). The widest interstate war in modern African history, it directly involved nine African nations, as well as about twenty armed groups, and earned the epithet of "Africa's World War" and the "Great War of Africa." An estimated 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease brought about by the deadliest conflict since World War II. Millions more were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries. • War in Somalia (2006ದ2009) - involved largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces whom fought against the Somali Islamist umbrella group, the Islamic Court Union (ICU), and other affiliated militias for control of the country. The war spawned pirates who hijacked hundreds of ships off the coast of Somalia, holding ships and crew for ransom often for months. (see also Piracy in Somalia) •South Ossetia war - Russia invaded Georgia in support of pro-Russian separatist regions. 2008 • War in North-West Pakistan (2004 ದ present) •Second Chechen War (1999 - 2000) - the war was launched by the Russian Federation at August 26, 1999 in The response to the Invasion of Dagestan and the Russian apartment bombings which were blamed on the Chechens.

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2000s (decade) [21] During the war Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya . The campaign largely reversed the outcome of the First Chechen War, in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Internal conflicts •Somali Civil War, which began in 1991, went through the 2000s without a The result. • Second Intifada (Second Uprising) broke out in September 2000, marking an escalation of violence between Palestinians and Israelis. The Second Intifada was even more deadly than the first Intifada. •Angolan Civil War (1975 The ದ2002), once a major proxy conflict of the Cold War, ends with anti-Communist UNITA disbanding to become a political party. •Venezuelan coup d'état attempt. 2002 • The War in Darfur (2003 ದ 2009). •Thai coup d'état. 2006 Protesters in Tehran during the •Zimbabwean political crisis. 2007 2009 Iranian election protests • 2007 political crisis in Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf retired after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto • The 2009 Iranian presidential election sparked massive protest demonstrations in Iran and around the world. Several demonstrators in Iran were killed or imprisoned. • The Sri Lankan Civil War (1983ದ2009) came to an end after the government defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. •2009 Honduran coup d'état was the first successful coup attempt in Latin America since the 1980s. The Overthrown president Manuel Zelaya is currently being hosted by the Brazilian Embassy. • Ergenekon trials in Turkey. •war in Chad (2005 Civil ದ present) Nuclear threats • In 2003 the United States invaded Iraq, over concerns leader Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction including chemical and biological weapons. The Iraq Inquiry (still ongoing) may explain more on this situation, but in the meantime, the U.S. ended the regime of Saddam Hussein and did not find any nuclear bombs in Iraq. •Korea successfully performed two nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009. North •Orchard - during the operation Israel bombed a Syrian nuclear reactor on September 6, 2007 which was Operation [22] built with the aid of North Korea. The White House and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) later declared that American intelligence indicated the site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose, though Syria denies [23] this. • On November 30, 2009, the Iranian Government announced plans to build 10 more uranium nuclear plants. •Doomsday Clock, the symbolic representation of the threat of nuclear annihilation, moved four minutes The closer to midnight: Two minutes in 2002 and two minutes in 2007 to 5 minutes to midnight.

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2000s (decade) Colonization • In 2001 Republic of Chechnya lost its 6 years of self-government and remains in the Russian Federation. Decolonization and Independence • East Timor regains its independence from Indonesia in 2002. Portugal granted independence to East Timor in 1975, but it was soon after invaded by Indonesia, which only recognized East Timorese independence in 2002. •gains its independence from State union with Serbia in 2006 Montenegro • Kosovo gains its independence from Serbia in 2008. •2004 the US-British military occupation forces restored full autonomy for Iraq and Afghanistan under new In governments. Afghanistan was invaded in Oct. 2001 and Iraq in March-April 2003. • On 23 August 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement from 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank ends. • On 26 August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Georgian breakaway republics Abkhazia [24] and South Ossetia. Prominant political events Americas • George W. Bush was sworn in as the 43rd President of the United States on January 20, 2001 following a sharply contested election and reelected in 2004. • In 26 October 2001 U.S. President George W. Bush signs the USA PATRIOT Act into law. •November 2004 - United States presidential election, 2004: 2 U.S. President George W. Bush defeats Senator John Kerry. •Obama is sworn in as the 44th President of the United Barack States in 2009, becoming the nation's first African American president. Barack Obama the 44th president of the United States he was elected in 2008 becoming the first African- •governments emerge in South American countries. Left-wing American president. These governments include those of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela since 1999, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Evo Morales in Bolivia. With the creation of the ALBA, Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez wanted to oppose the allegedly imperialist policy of the United States. Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba since 1959, transferred his duties to his brother Raúl in 2006. • Fidel Castro resigns in 2008 on health reasons, having ruled Cuba for almost 50 years. • Paul Martin replaces Jean Chretien as Prime Minister of Canada in 2003 by becoming the new leader of the Liberal Party. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States George W. Bush played Stephen Harper was elected Prime Minister in 2006 following important roles in shaping political events during the the defeat of Paul Martin's government in a motion of no 2000s confidence. •Inácio Lula da Silva was elected (2002) and reelected (2006) President of Brazil. Luiz • 23 May 2008 - The Union of South American Nations, a supranational union, is created by a union between the Andean Community and Mercosur.

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2000s (decade) Europe • European integration makes progress with the definitive circulation of the euro in fifteen countries in 2002 and the widening of European Union to 27 countries in 2007. A European Constitution bill is rejected by French and Dutch voters in 2005, but a similar text, the Treaty of Lisbon, is drafted in 2007 and finally adopted by the 27 members countries. • Gordon Brown succeeds Tony Blair as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2007. •Luis Rodríguez Zapatero replaced José María Aznar as President of the Government of Spain in 2004. José •Medvedev succeeded Vladmir Putin as the President of Russia in 2008. Dmitry • Angela Merkel becomes the first female Chancellor of Germany in 2005. •Sarkozy is elected President of the French Republic in 2007 succeeding Jacques Chirac, who had held the Nicolas position for 12 years. Asia • Israeli withdrawal from the Israeli security zone in southern Lebanon - on 25 May 2000 Israel withdrew IDF forces from the Israeli Security Zone in southern Lebanon after 22 years. •July 2000 the Camp David 2000 Summit was held which In was aimed at reaching a "final status" agreement between the Palestinians and the Israelis. The summit collapsed after Yasser Arafat would not accept a proposal drafted by American and Israeli negotiators. Barak was prepared to offer the entire Gaza Strip, a Palestinian capital in a part of East Jerusalem, 73% of Israel's prime minister Ehud Barak and PLO head the West Bank (excluding eastern Jerusalem) raising to 90-94% Yasser Arafat with the president of the United States after 10ದ25 years, and financial reparations for Palestinian Bill Clinton at Camp David Summit, 2000 refugees for peace. Arafat turned down the offer without [25] making a counter-offer.

• As part of the Israeli efforts to fight Palestinian Terrorism, in June 2002, Israel began construction of the West Bank Fence along the Green Line border. After the barrier went up, Palestinian suicide bombings and other [26] attacks across Israel dropped by 90%. However, this barrier became a major issue of contention between the two sides. •January 2006 - Powers are transferred from Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to his deputy, Vice Prime 4 Minister Ehud Olmert, after Sharon suffers a massive hemorrhagic stroke. •2003 the 12 year self-government in Iraqi Kurdistan ends, developed under preotection of the UN "No-fly In zone" during the now-ousted Saddam Hussein regime. •Wen Jiabao and President Hu Jintao, replaced former People's Republic of China Premier Zhu Rongji Premier and former People's Republic of China President Jiang Zemin. • Manmohan Singh was elected (2004) and reelected (2009) Prime Minister in India. •Tayyip Erdogan was elected as Prime Minister of Turkey in 2002. Abdullah Gul was elected as President Recep of Turkey. [27] •January 2005 9 ದMahmoud Abbas is elected to succeed Yasser Arafat as Palestinian Authority President. • 2008ದ2009 Thai political crisis

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2000s (decade) Assassinations The 2000s were marked by several notable assassinations: •Serbian Prime Minister Гoran ĚinđiΕ аas assassinated in BelРrade on March 12, 2003. •foreign minister Anna Lindh was assassinated in a Stockholm Swedish department store on September 10, 2003. •film maker Theo van Gogh, known to be a critic of Islamic culture, was Dutch assassinated in Amsterdam by Mohammed Bouyeri on November 2, 2004. • Former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafik Hariri was assassinated in Beirut on February 14, 2005 by suicide bombing. The assassination attempt killed also at least 16 other people and injured 120 others. •Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated at an Former election rally in Rawalpindi on December 27, 2007 by a bomb blast. The Benazir Bhutto assassination attempt killed also at least 20 other people. • The President of Guinea-Bissau, João Bernardo Vieira, was assassinated on March 2, 2009 during an armed attack on his residence in Bissau. Disasters Natural disasters The 2000s have seen some of the worst and most destructive natural disasters in history. • On January 26, 2001, An earthquake hits Gujarat, India, killing more than 12,000. •February 13, 2001, a 6.6 magnitude earthquake On hits El Salvador, killing at least 400. • On May 21, 2003, an earthquake in the Boumerdès region of northern Algeria kills 2,200. • On December 26, 2003, the massive 2003 Bam earthquake devastates southeastern Iran; over 40,000 people are reported killed in the city of Bam. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The tsunami caused by the December • 2003 also produced one of the worst heatwaves in 26, 2004 earthquake strikes Ao Nang, Thailand. recorded human history, as Europe was hit by a 40 °C (104 °F) heatwave killing thousands. •December 26, 2004, one of the worst natural disasters in recorded history hits Southeast Asia, when the On strongest earthquake in 40 years hits the entire Indian Ocean region. The massive 9.3 magnitude earthquake, epicentered just off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, generates enormous tsunami waves that crash into the coastal areas of a number of nations including Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The official death toll from the Boxing Day Tsunami in the affected countries stands at approximately 230,000 people dead or still missing. • On October 8, 2005, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake kills about 80,000 people. •May 3, 2008, Over 146,000 in Burma/Myanmar are killed by Cyclone Nargis. On •May 12, 2008, over 69,000 are killed in central south-west China by the Wenchuan quake, an earthquake On measuring 7.9 Moment magnitude scale. The epicenter was 90 kilometers (55 miles) west-northwest of the provincial capital Chengdu, Sichuan province.

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