Explore Atoms and Molecules!

Janet Slingerland

Description

Atoms and molecules are the basic building blocks of matter. Matter is every physical thing around us in the universe, including our own bodies! In Explore Atoms and Molecules! With 25 Great Projects, readers ages 7 to 10 investigate the structure of atoms and learn how atoms fit together to form molecules and materials.If everything is made out of atoms and molecules, why do people look different from dogs and doorknobs? In Explore Atoms and Molecules, readers discover that the characteristics of a material are determined by the way the atoms and molecules connect, and study how chemical reactions change these connections to create everything we know. This book discusses the elements on the periodic table and why they are grouped into families, encouraging the exploration of meaningful classification systems. States of matter and mixtures and compounds round out the exploration of atoms and molecules!This book supports the maker movement with lots of hands-on activities that illuminate the concepts of chemistry. Readers build 3-D models of molecules and create a periodic table guessing game. Fascinating sidebars offer opportunities for readers to connect the text with real-world science, and cartoon illustrations provide a fun foundation for learning.

Informations

• Publié par: Nomad Press
• Date de parution: 11 avril 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781619304925
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 23 Mo

Extrait

ATOMS EXPLORE ND A M O L E C U L E S ! WITH 25 GREAT PROJECTS

Janet Slingerland Illustrated by Matt Aucoin

EXPLORE

Janet Slingerland Illustrated by Matt Aucoin

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Nomad Press A division of Nomad Communications 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 2017 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review orfor limited educational use. The trademark “Nomad Press” and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.

Educational Consultant, Marla Conn

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CONTENTS Timeline . . . iv

Introduction . . . 1 Atoms and Molecules Matter

Chapter 1 . . . 12 Atomic Arrangement

Chapter 2 . . . 23 It’s Element-ary!

Chapter 3 . . . 37 Atoms Get Happy

Chapter 4 . . . 50 Mix It Up!

Chapter 5 . . . 62 Changeable Materials

Chapter 6 . . . 72 Getting a Reaction

Glossary*Metric Conversions Resources* Essential Questions*Index

Interested in primary sources? Look for this icon. Use a smartphone or tablet app to scan the QR code and explore more! You can înd a list of URLs on the Resources page.

If the QR code doesn’t work, try searching the Internet with the Keyword Prompts to înd other helpful sources.

KEYWORD PROMPTS

atoms and molecules

TIMELINE

iv

CIRCA 500 BCE: The ancient Greeks propose the idea that atoms are the smallest pieces of matter in the universe.

1669: Hennig Brand discovers phosphorus.

1808: Jo hn Dalton publishes his atomic theory, which includes the idea that all atoms in an element are the same and each type of atom has a unique weight.

1869: Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of elements.

1913: Henry Moseley proves an element’s identity is deîned by the number of protons it has. He rearranged the periodic table based on numbers of protons (the atomic number). 1913: Niels Bohr reînes the Rutherford atomic model, introducing electron orbitals. 1911: Ernest Rutherford proposes a new atomic model where electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbit a sun.

1890s: J.J. Thomson discovers the electron, proving the existence of subatomic particles.

1898: Pierre and Marie Curie discover the radioactive elements radium and polonium.

1896: Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity.

1916: Gilbert N. Lewis devises dot structures as a way to show interactions between atoms.

1917: Erne st Rutherford splits an atom, changing nitrogen into oxygen. In the process, he discovers the proton.

1932: James Chadwick detects neutrons and measures their mass.

1981: Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope makes it possible to view atoms and molecules.

2016: The names and symbols of the last four elements to be discovered are ofîcially assigned and added to the periodic table. Element 113 becomes Nihonium (Nh), element 115 becomes Moscovium (Mc); element 117 becomes Tennessine (Ts), and element 118 becomes Oganesson (Og).

2004: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discover graphene, a form of carbon consisting of a single sheet of atoms. They were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.

1985: Rob ert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley discover ball-shaped forms of carbon called fullerenes. They win the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work.

TIMELINE

2011: Swiss scientists create PG5, the largest manmade molecule.

v

INTRODUCTION ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER

Atoms and molecules are too tiny for people to see without using microscopes. If they’re so small, why do they matter? They matter because they make up matter , which makes up everything around us.

Matter is everywhere. It is the loor beneath your feet, the water in your glass, and the breeze in the air. Matter is anything that takes up space. Everything you can see, smell, and touch is made of matter. And all that matter is made of atoms and molecules.

WORDSKNOW TO atom: a very small piece of matter. Atoms are the tiny building blocks that make up everything in the universe. molecule: the smallest amount of something, made of atoms bound together. matter: anything that takes up space.

1

EXPLORE ATOMSMOLECULES ! AND

2

state of matter: the form that matter takes. There are three common states of matter: solid, Floors, water, and wind don’t seem liquid, and gas. as though they are made of the solid: one of the three states of same stuff. They all behave very matter. The particles in a solid differently. They are all matter, and are bound together tightly. A they are all made of atoms and solid has a deînite shape and volume and does not ow. molecules. But they are in different liquid: one of the three states of states . Matter is usually in one of matter. The particles in a liquid three states— solid , liquid , or gas . cluster together and ow. A liquid has a îxed volume and takes the shape of its container. STATES OF MATTER gas: one of the three states of matter. The particles in a A loor is solid. You can walk on gas are not bound to each it. You can jump on it. You can pile other and move very fast in all furniture on top of it. It doesn’t directions. A gas does not have easily change shape. You can even a deînite shape or volume. move it, with a lot of effort! You can volume: the amount of space an object takes up. cut it up into lots of pieces. Even in pieces, it is still loor. mass: the amount of material that an object contains. Solids keep their volume . WORDSKNOW TO Volume is the measure of how much space an object takes up. Mass is the measureof how much matter ills that space.

Imagine a bowling ball and asoccer ball. Both balls are roughlythe same size. They take up about the same amount of space. They have similar volumes.