Fighting to Survive Underground

Nancy Dickmann

Description

Whether it's being lost in a cave or caught in a collapsed mine, being trapped underground can be terrifying. You may be cold, wet, hungry and stuck in absolute darkness. Even worse is not knowing if anyone will ever find you. Find out how people survived their ordeal in these true stories of those who were trapped underground in this book from the Fighting to Survive series.

Informations

• Publié par: Capstone Global Library
• Date de parution: 10 décembre 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781474794367
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

by Nancy Dickmann

Raintree is an imprint of Capstone Global Library Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales having its registered office at 264 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DY – Registered company number: 6695582

www.raintree.co.uk [e-mail]

Text © Capstone Global Library Limited 2021 The moral rights of the proprietor have been asserted.

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Edited by Aaron J. Sautter Designed by Terri Poburka Original illustrations © Capstone Global Library Limited 2021 Picture research by Morgan Walters Production by Kathy McColley Originated by Capstone Global Library Ltd Printed and bound in India

978 1 4747 9417 6 (hardback) 978 1 XXX (paperback)

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A full catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce photographs: Associated Press:Dale Sparks, 25; Getty Images: Barbara Laing, 10, David Woo, 12, Fairfax Media, 33, Ian Waldie, 29, New York Daily News Archive, 23, William Nation, 7; Newscom: El Mercurio/ZUMAPRESS, 41, Felipe Trueba/EFE, 47, Gary Gardiner/EyePush Newsphotos, 15, HUGO INFANTE/UPI, 46, POOL/REUTERS, 20, 34, 45, STR/REUTERS, 43; Shutterstock: 24Novembers, 5, AridOcean, 6, DAAgius, 57, Ethan Daniels, 55, Isaac Marzioli, design element throughout, King Ropes Access, 17, Mark Agnor, 30, Miloje, design element throughout, pavalena, 14, 36, Peter Hermes Furian, 49, Rainer Lesniewski, 27, scubadesign, 52, trabantos, 58, Valerijs Novickis, 50, Vitalii Nesterchuk, Cover, xpixel, design element throughout; Wikimedia: Eigenes Werk, 37, US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 18

Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in subsequent printings if notice is given to the publisher.

All the internet addresses (URLs) given in this book were valid at the time of going to press. However, due to the dynamic nature of the internet, some addresses may have changed, or sites may have changed or ceased to exist since publication. While the author and publisher regret any inconvenience this may cause readers, no responsibility for any such changes can be accepted by either the author or the publisher.

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Introduction4 ............................................ The Girl in the Well Jessîca McClure ................................................. 6 Poisoned Air 14 Randal McCloy .................................................. Earthquake! 26 Brant Webb and Todd Russell ............................. 69 Days 36 The Chîlean Mîners............................................ Diving into Darkness 48 Xîsco Gràcîa Lladóun .........................................

Glossary ............................................................ 60 Fînd out more .................................................... 61 62 Source notes ...................................................... 63 Bîblîography ...................................................... Index ........................................ ......... 64 ................

Introduction

Earth’s surface îs an amazîng place. It’s covered wîth dense forests, hot deserts, tall mountaîns and deep oceans. But ît’s just as înterestîng below the surface. Dîg deep enough, and you mîght fînd the remaîns of ancîent anîmals or cîvîlîzatîons. There are natural wonders too. Caves can spread for kîlometres below the ground. Some caverns are barely bîg enough to squeeze through, whîle others are the sîze of a cathedral. Earth also has underground rîvers, pockets of natural gas and melted rock.

Exploring Underground People have been explorîng thîs underground world for thousands of years. Prehîstorîc people în Spaîn and France paînted cave walls to show theîr culture. In addîtîon to explorîng natural caves, ancîent people also dug deep înto the earth. The Romans mîned copper, tîn, lead and gold. These metals were used to make coîns, weapons, jewellery and pîpes for carryîng water. Other ancîent cîvîlîzatîons also dug complex mînes. Wîth modern technology, mîners are able to dîg deep through layers of hard rock. Dîvers also use hîgh-tech breathîng equîpment to explore underwater caves. But even wîth modern technology, people have only explored a fractîon of what îs there. We lîve on Earth’s crust – the outermost layer of the planet. The crust ranges from 5 to 40 kîlometres (3 to 25 mîles) thîck. The deepest hole humans ever dug made ît only about halfway through the crust.

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Buried Dangers Travellîng deep underground can be dangerous. The deeper you go, the hotter ît gets. The aîr pressure also încreases. Tunnels can easîly flood as water seeps through the rocks. Mînîng uses heavy machînery and sometîmes explosîves. Both can trîgger rockfalls and cave-îns. Caves can be especîally dangerous. Some are lîke huge mazes. If somethîng goes wrong deep în a flooded passageway, ît can be a very long way out. The people who travel underground know that they’re takîng rîsks. They do theîr best to prepare for anythîng that can go wrong. But accîdents stîll happen. The people în thîs book have all faced deadly sîtuatîons underground – but they were all lucky enough to survîve.

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