From Meteorite Impact to Constellation City

Oiva W. Saarinen

Description

From Meteorite Impact to Constellation City is a historical geography of the City of Greater Sudbury. The story that began billions of years ago encompasses dramatic physical and human events. Among them are volcanic eruptions, two meteorite impacts, the ebb and flow of continental glaciers, Aboriginal occupancy, exploration and mapping by Europeans, exploitation by fur traders and Canadian lumbermen and American entrepreneurs, the rise of global mining giants, unionism, pollution and re-greening, and the creation of a unique constellation city of 160,000.

The title posits the book’s two main themes, one physical in nature and the other human: the great meteorite impact of some 1.85 billion years ago and the development of Sudbury from its inception in 1883. Unlike other large centres in Canada that exhibit a metropolitan form of development with a core and surrounding suburbs, Sudbury developed in a pattern resembling a cluster of stars of differing sizes.

Many of Sudbury’s most characteristic attributes are undergoing transformation. Its rocky terrain and the negative impact from mining companies are giving way to attractive neighbourhoods and the planting of millions of trees. Greater Sudbury’s blue-collar image as a union powerhouse in a one-industry town is also changing; recent advances in the fields of health, education, retailing, and the local and international mining supply and services sector have greatly diversified its employment base. This book shows how Sudbury evolved from a village to become the regional centre for northeastern Ontario and a global model for economic diversification and environmental rehabilitation.

Sujets

• Geography
• History of Canada

Informations

• Publié par: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
• Date de parution: 15 juin 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781554588749
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

From meteorite impact
to constellation citySource: Growth and Development Department, City of Greater Sudbury.From meteorite impact
to constellation city
A Historical Geography of Greater Sudbury
oiva W. saarinenThis book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the
Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using
funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier
University Press acknowledges the fnancial support of the Government of Canada through the
Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Saarinen, Oiva W., 1937–
From meteorite impact to constellation city : a historical geography of Greater Sudbury /
Oiva W. Saarinen.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued also in electronic format.
ISBN 978-1-55458-837-4
FC3099.S83S33 2013 971.3'133 C2012-907130-7
Electronic monograph in multiple formats.
Issued also in print format.
ISBN 978-1-55458-874-9 (PDF).—ISBN 978-1-55458-875-6 (EPUB)
1. Greater Sudbury (Ont.)—Historical geography. 2. Greater Sudbury (Ont.)—History. I. Title.
FC3099.S83S33 2013 971.3’133 C2012-907131-5
Cover design by Martyn Schmoll. Front-cover image adapted from Canada-maps.org. Text design
by Janette Thompson (Jansom).
© 2013 Wilfrid Laurier University Press
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
www.wlupress.wlu.ca
This book is printed on FSC recycled paper and is certifed Ecologo. It is made from 100%
post-consumer fbre, processed chlorine free, and manufactured using biogas energy.
Printed in Canada
Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this
text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omissions called to the
publisher’s attention will be corrected in future printings.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher or a licence from the
Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit
http://www.accesscopyright.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777.Contents
List of Illustrations vi
List of Biographies ix
Preface and Acknowledgements xi
1 The Unfolding of the Natural Landscape 1
2 The Aboriginal/Colonial Frontier 25
3 Drawing Lines on the Map 38
4 Forging of a Local Monopoly: From Prospectors and Speculators to
the International Nickel Company (1883–1902) 50
5 Sudbury (1883–1939) 62
6 Copper Cliff (1886–1939) 97
7 From Local to Global Monopoly: The Merging of Inco and Mond
(1902–1928) 109
8 Beyond Sudbury and Copper Cliff: Railway Stations, Mining Camps,
Smelter Sites, and Company Towns 120
9 y and Copper Cliff: Forestry, Agriculture, Indian Reserves,
and the Burwash Industrial Farm 139
10 From Falconbridge Nickel and Inco to Xstrata Nickel and Vale Canada
(1928–2012) 161
11 From Company Town Setting to Regional Constellation (1939–1973) 185
12 From Regional Constellation to Greater Sudbury (1973–2001+) 211
13 A Union Town? 235
14 Healing the Landscape 261
15 Beyond a Rock and a Hard Place 280
Appendix 296
Notes 300
Bibliography 337
Index 367 List of Illustrations
frontispiece City of Greater Sudbury: Township Boundaries ii
Figures
1.1 Early Continents 2
1.2 Geological Elements of Ontario 4
1.3 Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) 8
1.4 Volcanic and Meteorite Impact Models 11
1.5 Extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and Postglacial Lakes 15
1.6 Surfcial Geology of the Sudbury Area 17
1.7 Local Watersheds 19
1.8 Path of the Sudbury Tornado (August 20, 1970) 22
2.1 Northern Ontario as a British and French Exploration Zone 30
2.2 Champlain’s Map of New France (1632) 32
2.3 Jacques Nicholas Bellin’s Map (1755) 34
2.4 Sudbury’s Geopolitical Situation (1667–1912) 36
3.1 Murray’s Pioneering Map of the North Shore and Lake Huron 40
3.2 Salter’s Lines and Timber Berths 43
3.3 Township Surveys of Ontario (1780+) 44
3.4 Districts of Northern Ontario (1858–1927) 47
3.5 First Geological Map of the Sudbury Area (1891) 49
4.1 Early Mine Sites in the Sudbury Area (1884–1917) 57
5.1 Early Land Grants and Count Romanet Properties (1884–ca.1919) 65
5.2 Canadian Pacifc Railway Plan of Sudbury (1886) 66
5.3 Rev. A. Cote’s Jesuit Tract (1890) 67
5.4 Streetscape of the City of Sudbury (1936) 85
5.5 Early Subdivisions in Gatchell 89
5.6 Lockerby Finnish Settlement (ca. 1946) 95
6.1 Copper Cliff (1904) 103
6.2 Finnish Settlement in Copper Cliff’s Shantytown (1915) 104
6.3 Little Italy and the “Crow’s Nest” in Copper Cliff (1930–1940s) 105
7.1 Population, Mining, Employment, and Nickel Production Trends in the
Sudbury Area (1901–2010/11) 116
8.1 Algoma Eastern Railway (1930) 122
8.2 The Mond-Victoria Mines Setting and Finns in Mond Townsite (ca. 1917–1918) 125
8.3 Sketch Map of Garson (1935) 130
8.4 Sketch Map of Coniston (1930s) 133Illustrations vii
9.1 Land Ownership in Parts of Hanmer and Capreol Townships (1912) 153
9.2 Beaver Lake (Lorne Township) Cultural Landscape (ca. 1930s) 156
9.3 First Nations Reserves in the Sudbury Area 158
9.4 Burwash Industrial Farm (Correctional Centre) 160
10.1 Mining Lands in the Sudbury Area (1960s) 162
10.2 Mining Operations in the Sudbury Area (2011) 181
11.1 Subdivision Activity in the Sudbury Area (1946–1959) 194
11.2 Municipal Boundary Changes for Town/City of Sudbury (1892–1973) 207
11.3 Regional Municipality of Sudbury (1973) 209
12.1 Regional Boundary Changes (1973–2001) 228
14.1 Early Roast Yards in the Sudbury Area (1888–1929) 264
14.2 Tailings and Slag Dumps Associated with Vale Canada (2010) 266
14.3 Geographical Extent of Land Reclamation in the City of Greater Sudbury
(1978–2010) 272
15.1 What Fits into Sudbury Map 281
15.2 Sudbury as a Constellation City 290
tables
1.1 Geological Time Scale for the Sudbury Structure 5
2.1 Hudson’s Bay Company Posts and Stores in the Sudbury Area (1822–1900) 34
3.1 Townships in the City of Greater Sudbury by Surveyor, Date of Survey, and
Origin of Name 46
4.1 Early Mine Sites in the Sudbury Area (1884–1917) 54
5.1 Population Trends in the Sudbury Area (1901–1971) 296
5.2 Provincial and Federal Members of Parliament from Sudbury (1905–2011) 297
5.3 Population by Ethnic Origin for Town/City of Sudbury (1901–1951) 73
5.4 Population by Religion for T 74
9.1 Number of Farms in the Sudbury Area (1921–1971) 149
10.1 Employment Trends for Vale Canada and Xstrata Nickel (Sudbury
Operations: 1928–2010) 165
10.2 Mining Employment by Company Sector in the Sudbury Area 182
11.1 Ethnic Origins for the Sudbury Area (1951–2006) 195
11.2 Population by Religion for the Sudbury Area (1951–2001) 196
12.1 Regional Council Chairpersons and Mayors of City of Greater Sudbury
(1973–2010+) 212
12.2 Population Trends in the Sudbury Area (1971–2011) 213
12.3 Migration Estimates for the Sudbury Area (1980–2010) 222
12.4 Sudbury Labour Force by Industry (1951–2001) 230
13.1 Presidents of Mine Mill/CAW and Steelworkers Locals in Sudbury 239viii Illustrations
aerial photographs
6.1 Copper Cliff (1946) 108
9.1 Chelmsford Farming Area (1946) 150
9.2 Beaver Lake Finnish Enclave (1946) 157
11.1 Sudbury (1946) 188
11.2 McKim Township North of Minnow Lake (1946) 192
11.3 The Lockerby Area (1946) 193List of Biographies
1 Albert Pellew Salter: A Surveyor Who Left His Mark (1816–1874) 41
2 Thomas Frood: Prospector and a Member of the “Big Four” (1843–1916) 53
3 Samuel J. Ritchie: “Father” of the Canadian Copper Company (1838–1908) 58
4 William Joseph Bell: Lumber Baron and Community Benefactor (1858–1945) 82
5 William Edge Mason: Newspaper Mogul (1882–1948) 86
6 Robert Crooks Stanley: Saviour of Inco (1876–1951) 117
7 Dr. Horace John Fraser: Dynamic Leader of Falconbridge Nickel (1905–1969) 167
8 William “Bill” Beaton: “Mayor of the People” (1895–1956) 186
9 Baxter Ricard: Proud Leader of the Francophone Community (1905–1993) 198
10 Max Silverman: “The Silver Fox” (1906–1966) 201
11 The Honourable Judy Erola, P.C.: Femme Extraordinaire (1934+) 218
12 Thomas M. Davies: Fervent Sudbury Booster (1934–1997) 220
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