The Origins of War in Mozambique

Sayaka Funada-Classen

Description

The independence of Mozambique in 1975 and its decolonisation process attracted worldwide attention as a successful example of ìnational unityî. Yet, the armed conflict that broke out between the government and the guerrilla force in 1977 lasted for sixteen years and resulted in over a million deaths and several million refugees, placing this concept of ìnational unityî into doubt. For nearly twenty years, Sayaka Funada-Classen interviewed people in rural communities in Mozambique. By examining their testimonies, historical documents, previous studies, international and regional politics, and the changes that various interventions under colonialism brought to the traditional social structure, this book demonstrates that the seeds of ìdivisionî had already been planted while the liberation movement was seeking ìunityî in the struggle years. Presenting a comprehensive history of contemporary Mozambique, this book is indispensable for Mozambican scholars. It promises to serve as a landmark study not only for historians and the scholars of African studies but also for those who give serious consideration to the problems of conflict and peace in the world.

Sujets

• Littérature Africaine
• Littérature Africaine

Informations

• Publié par: African Minds
• Date de parution: 12 juillet 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781920489984
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

” of archives and meticulous field research. It has opened up a African history, social anthropology and area studies.”

attracted world-wide attention as a successful example of “national unity”. Yet, the armed conflict that broke out between the government and

unity” into doubt.

rural communities in Mozambique. By examining their testimonies, along

the seeds of “division” had already been planted while the liberation movement was seeking “unity” in the struggle years.

book is indispensable for Mozambican scholars. It promises to serve as a

also for those who give serious consideration to the problems of conflict and peace in the world.

The Origins of War in Mozambique A History of Unity and Division Sayaka Funada-Classen Translated by Masako Osada

T H E OR IG I N S OF WA R I N MOZ A M BIQU E A Hîstory o Unîty and Dîvîsîon

Sayaka Funada-Cassen

Transated by Masako Osada

AFRICAN MINDS

he autor aone îs responsîbe or wat îs wrîtten and a te înterpretatîons în tîs book. None soud be attrîbuted to any persons or înstîtutes tat ave provîded assîstance to te autor.

Hardcover edîtîon irst pubîsed în 2012 by Ocanomîzu Sobo Co Ltd

5-30-20 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Paperback edîtîon irst pubîsed în 2013 by Arîcan Mînds 4 Ecceston Pace, Somerset West 7130, Sout Arîca www.arîcanmînds.co.za

©2012 Sayaka Funada-Cassen

Hardback ïSBN 978-4-275-00952-4 C3030

Paperback ïSBN 978-1-920489-97-7

e-book ïSBN 978-1-920489-98-4

Text desîgn and typesettîng by COMPRESS.ds www.compressds.com

Prînted în Sout Arîca by Capîtî Prîntîng

Preace

Lîst o ïustratîons Lîst o Acronyms and Abbrevîatîons

Contents

ïntroductîon Seekîng te Orîgîns o Unîty and Dîvîsîon

Capter 1. Emergence o “Mozambîque” and Socîa Canges under Coonîa Rue

Capter 2. Caracterîstîcs o Maúa and te Process o Coonîsatîon

Capter 3. Mozambîque Beore te Lîberatîon Strugge

Capter 4. Word Poîtîcs rom 1960 to 1975 and Mozambîque’s Lîberatîon Strugge

Capter 5. Maúa Cîrcumscrîptîon durîng te Lîberatîon Strugge

Concusîon From te Lîberatîon Strugge to Post-îndependence Armed Conlîct

Bîbîograpy Acknowedgements About te Autor About te Transator

ïndex o Organîsatîons and ïnstîtutîons ïndex o Peope and Etnîc Groups ïndex o Pace Names

v

vîî îx

1

57

97

137

203

287

375

395

416 418 418

419 425 430

“he peace as arrîved, but we stî don’t know were tîs war came rom.”

“We aven’t been tod wy tîs war came to us. ï bot sîdes were a Mozambîcans, we need to te te young peope te trut în order not to contînue.”

“he trut îs paînu, but ît’s necessary.”

“We want to orget, but we need to make sure our cîdren understand tat tere was a war în our country and many peope dîed.”

(Extracts rom întervîews wît Makuwa women în Cabo Degado Provînce, Mozambîque, în August 2011)

Preace

ïn 1994 ï was about to eave Mozambîque ater avîng competed my work or te Unîted Natîons Operatîon în Mozambîque (ONUMOZ), wen ï was suddeny struck by serîous doubts. How coud ï eave tîs pace îke tîs? How dare ï speak as a UN unctîonary about peace and democratîsatîon to oca peope wen ï knew so îtte about teîr country? ï was asamed o my îgnorance and arrogance. Wîe ookîng down at te red eart rom te wîndow o te aeropane, ï remembered te sîence and sarp gaze o tose wo ï met tere. True, ï ad aways wanted to work or “peace” sînce my cîdood – ï was born on te 6t o August (te day te atomîc bomb was dropped on Hîrosîma). Yet, was te decîsîon to contînue workîng or te UN correct, îgnorîng, as ît woud, te unîqueness o oca communîtîes and te îndîvîduaîtîes o peope? Woud tat be te rîgt way to acîeve peace and democracy? he next tîme ï was ofered a job workîng or a UN mîssîon, my mînd was cear. ït was tîme to eave te bue UN cap beînd. ï soudn’t become a “mîssîon bîrd”. ï was resoved tat ï woud seek out te vast experîence îdden beînd peope’s sîences and teîr unspoken ear and woud et te word know about ît, owever many years ît mîgt take. Eîgteen years ave passed sînce ten. Fînay, ï am abe to ui te promîse ï made to myse. hîs book attempts to revea te orîgîns o war în Mozambîque, payîng attentîon to te structura process o varîous reatîons at înternatîona, regîona, domestîc, oca and persona eves. ïn te course o te researc wîc was conducted over a iteen- year-perîod sînce 1996, ï ave used a avaîabe prîmary sources o înormatîon, sourced arcîva researc în ive countrîes and întervîewed more tan 350 peope. ï inîsed wrîtîng te Japanese edîtîon în 2005. ït was not easy to decîde ow muc o te dîscussîon and overvîew o te sîtuatîon rom tat tîme to încude în te Engîs edîtîon pubîsed seven years ater. New books and artîces ave been pubîsed în te meantîme. Poîtîcs canges constanty. However, ï ad to draw a îne. hîs book mîgt attract severe crîtîcîsm or not relectîng te most recent înormatîon, but î tat appens, ï tougt, ï woud wrîte anoter book, a better one, takîng te crîtîcîsm and new indîngs înto account. he book ocuses on an area caed Maúa, not because ï beîeve Maúa represents te woe o Mozambîque as suc, but because îgîgtîng a specîic area and peope eps to understand te Mozambîcan îstory more deepy and compreensîvey. ïn any case, ît woud be împossîbe to study te experîence o a Mozambîcans. ï am not attemptîng to wrîte a îstory textbook o Mozambîque, or a gorîous îstory o te îberatîon strugge, but rater tryîng to i a gap în te descrîptîons o contemporary Mozambîcan îstory by devîng înto matters tat ave not been wrîtten about beore. Atoug my întentîon was aways to wrîte tîs book în bot Engîs and Portuguese, ï pubîsed ît în Japanese irst sînce tere were vîrtuay no Japanese academîc books on contemporary Arîcan îstory, et aone any on Portuguese-speakîng Arîca. hîs deayed

vi

he Oigins of tHe Wa in Mozambique

te book’s pubîcatîon în te anguages wît wîc many scoars and stakeoders are more amîîar. Transatîon îtse turned out to be a coossa task. My transators and edîtors ad a tremendous job, due maîny to te seer voume o te book (669 pages în Japanese). Moreover, în my Japanese book, ï quoted passages, orîgînay wrîtten în Engîs, Portuguese or Frenc but wîc ad aready been transated înto Japanese. For tîs book, ï ad to ind te orîgîna texts. Some were unobtaînabe în Japan and ad to be transated înto Engîs rom Japanese. Speîng was anoter eadace. Some pace and peope’s names were speed dîferenty, dependîng on reerences, înterpreters and scoars. For înstance, a Makuwa cîe “Mwaîa” îs aso speed as “Muaîa” and “Mwaîya”; and “sîpaîo” (an Arîcan poîceman) as “cîpaîo” and “sîpaî”. ïn most cases, ï ave adopted te speîng used ocay. he names o provînces, dîstrîcts and cîtîes are speed accordîng to te maps made în Mozambîque (e.g., Maúa and Moçambîque Dîstrîct). Wîdey accepted Engîs speîng, î any, îs prîorîtîsed (e.g., Makonde and Nyanja înstead o Maconde and Nîanja). Some words are not transated because ï ear te nuance may be ost în transatîon (e.g.assîmîado). Puras o Portuguese and Makuwa words are îndîcated by non-îtaîc “s” added to te end (e.g.capatazs and mwenes). Furtermore, common Engîs speîng îs used (“Swaîî” and “Makuwa”) rater tan înguîstîc speîng (“Kîswaîî” and “Emakuwa”) or Arîcan anguages. Many readers mîgt ask temseves wat a Japanese academîc coud ave to say about Mozambîque, especîay about suc a bîg topîc. O course, te îstory o Mozambîque beongs to te peope o Mozambîque. Yet, ï beîeve tat ît îs because ï am not a Mozambîcan tat ît was possîbe to tacke te controversîa îstory. ï ope tat tîs book wî prompt oter scoars to ook at te îstory o Mozambîque as part o a arger pîcture o word îstory and study ît troug te ens o te oca communîtîes and peope îvîng tere. he tîte o te Japanese edîtîon wasHîstory o Armed Lîberatîon Strugge în Mozambîque, te same as tat o my P.D. dîssertatîon. For te Engîs edîtîon, ï ave canged te tîte tohe Orîgîns o te War în Mozambîqueîn order to attract te attentîon o not ony tose învoved în Mozambîcan îssues but aso tose înterested în conlîct and peace. he pubîcatîon o te book was made possîbe by te Grant-în-Aîd or Pubîcatîon o Scîentîic Researc Resuts o te Japan Socîety or te Promotîon o Scîence.

Maps

Lîst o ïustratîons

Fîgure 1 Soutern Arîca xîî Fîgure 2 Mozambîque (by Regîon and Provînce) xîîî Fîgure 3 Nortern Mozambîque and te ocatîons o Maúa and Eratî xîv Fîgure 4 RENAMO-controed areas (as o 1992) 10 Fîgure 5 Dîstrîcts were FRELïMO and RENAMO obtaîned more tan twîce as many as te opponent’s votes (1994) 14 Fîgure 6 Sîmpîied etnograpîc map o Mozambîque (20t century) 16 Fîgure 7 Progress o te Lîberatîon War by FRELïMO (1966–1974) 33 Fîgure 8 Area o Maúa Cîrcumscrîptîon durîng te ate coonîa era sown on te current provînce o Nîassa map 38 Fîgure 9 1994 Natîona Assemby eectîon resut (Nîassa Provînce – by Dîstrîct) 39 Fîgure 10 Maúa Dîstrîct durîng te post-îndependence armed conlîct 42 Fîgure 11evoMmentotevîgaresoMúaaîDrîstactertet991eP2eca Accord (untî 2000) 43 Fîgure 12 Portuguese “mapa cor-de-rosa” în Arîca în te ate 19t century 58 Fîgure 13 Areas o operatîon o Mozambîque concessîon companîes 61 Fîgure 14ortmae1etetdîïnOananceedrTarînuoet8tcenturyto te mîd-19t century 64 Fîgure 15tossceroPPortenoatîoccpuyroîateîmrmAyooCaînugutese în nortern Mozambîque 70 Fîgure 16 Mîîtary sîtuatîon o nortern Mozambîque durîng WWï (1916–1918) 71 Fîgure 17 Hîerarcy o coonîa admînîstratîon under RAU 76 Fîgure 18 “Scrambe or Mozambîque” by cotton companîes (1942) 80 Fîgure 19ertrntecaeosnoîtnonîuprogîcnîsîtrTnabîtaeatono Mozambîque (mîd-18t century) 101 Fîgure 20 Yao’s dîaspora, 1840–1880 104 Fîgure 21 Mîgratîon track (nîpîto107) o te Ntepo Group Fîgure 22 Mîgratîon track (nîpîto) o Makuwa-Xîrîma and Metto  (20t century) 110 Fîgure 23îoenPrîmnattîînngosoarevFnwroeogugseroutgînurdntme te “Coonîa Wars” 227 Fîgure 24 ïsamîc route în nortern Mozambîque 239 Fîgure 25 FRELïMO’s sanctuarîes în soutern Arîca and înitratîon routes 243 Fîgure 26 Evoutîon o înitratîon and attacks o FRELïMO în Nîassa Dîstrîct (Sep. 1964 – Oct. 1966) 247

viii

he Oigins of tHe Wa in Mozambique

Fîgure 27 Depoyment o te Portuguese Armed Forces în nortern Mozambîque (ocusîng on Maúa) (May 1964 – Jan. 1967) Fîgure 28 Depoyment o te Portuguese Armed Forces în nortern Mozambîque (ocusîng on Maúa) (May 1967 – Ju.1973) Fîgure 29 Evoutîon o înitratîon and attacks o FRELïMO în Nîassa Dîstrîct (Oct. 1966 – Aug. 1968) Fîgure 30 Map o psycoogîca vunerabîîty drawn by te Portuguese Armed Forces (Mar. 1969) Fîgure 31 War sîtuatîon în Maúa (30 Sept. 1968 – 30 Mar. 1970) Fîgure 32 Famîy connectîon between Mwene Mwapua and Mwene Muea Fîgure 33 War sîtuatîon în Maúa (5 Apr. 1974 – 2 Ju.1974)

Graps and tables

Grap 1

Grap 2 Grap 3 Grap 4 Grap 5 Grap 6 Grap 7 Grap 8 Grap 9

Tabe 1-1 Tabe 1-2

Tabe 2

Metropoe’scottonîmportsromtecoonîesandnon-Portuguese terrîtorîes (1926–1961) Cotton sîppîng voume în Mozambîque (by regîon) Cotton productîon în nortern Mozambîque Cotton productîon în Amaramba and Marrupa Cîrcumscrîptîon Number o cotton producers în Amaramba and Marrupa Cîrcumscrîptîon Mozambîcan mîne workers în Sout Arîca (1901–1973) Workers în Soutern Rodesîa (1930–1952) Orîgîns o mîne workers în Soutern Rodesîa cîtîes (1945) Mîgrant workers rom Mozambîque în Tanganyîka (1951–1963)

Mozambîque natîona eectîon resut (Assemby o te Repubîc) Mozambîquenatîonaeectîonresut(AssembyoteRepubîc eectîon – seats won by te provînce) PortugueseArmedForcedpersonneworeceîvedtraînîngwît te support o te US government (1963–1971)

Potograps

306

307

315

329 331 332 355

77 84 84 119

119 158 163 163 171

14

15

187

A potograps în tîs pubîcatîon, încudîng tose on te cover, by Sayaka Funada-Cassen uness oterwîse specîied.

Lîst o Acronyms and Abbrevîatîons

AAG Assocîação das Artes Gráicas (Prînters’ Assocîatîon – Mozambîque) AHM Arquîvo Hîstórîco de Moçambîque (Hîstorîca Arcîve o Mozambîque) AHMîîtar Arquîvo Hîstórîco Mîîtar (Mîîtary Hîstorîca Arcîve – Portuga) AHU Arquîvo Hîstórîco Utramarîno (Overseas Hîstorîca Arcîve – Portuga) AïM Agêncîa de ïnormação de Moçambîque (Mozambîque ïnormatîon Agency) ANC Arîcan Natîona Congress (Sout Arîca) BSAC Brîtîs Sout Arîcan Company CEA Centro de Estudos Arîcanos (Centre or Arîcan Studîes) CïO Centra ïnormatîon OI ce (Soutern Rodesîa) CONCP Conerêncîa das Organîzações Nacîonaîstas das Coónîas Portuguesas (Conerence o Natîonaîst Organîsatîons o Portuguese Coonîes) COREMO Comîté Revoucîonárîo de Moçambîque (Mozambîque Revoutîonary Commîttee) DGS Deegacîa Gera de Segurança (Genera Securîty Dîrectorate) DOï Departamento de Organîzação do ïnterîor (Department o ïnterîor Organîsatîon) FLN Front de Lîbératîon Natîonae (Natîona Lîberatîon Front- Agerîa) FPLM Forças Popuares de Lîbertação de Moçambîque (Peope’s Forces or te Lîberatîon o Mozambîque/FRELïMO army) FPLN Frente Patrîótîca de Lîbertação Nacîona (Natîona Lîberatîon Patrîotîc Front/Patrîotîc Natîona Lîberatîon Front) FRELïMO Frente de Lîbertação de Moçambîque (Mozambîque Lîberatîon Front) GE Grupo Especîa (Specîa Group) GEP Grupo Especîa Paraquedîsta (Specîa Group o Paracutîsts) GUMO Grupo Unîdo de Moçambîque (Mozambîque Unîted Group/Unîted Group o Mozambîque) ïLO ïnternatîona Labour Organîsatîon ïSANï ïnspecção Superîor Admînîtratîva sobre Negócîos ïndígenas JDDA Junta de Deesa dos Dereîtos d’ Arîca (Councî or Deence o te Arîcan Rîgts) JEAC Junta de Exportação de Agodão Coonîa (Coonîa Cotton Export Board) KANU Kenya Arîcan Natîona Unîon MANC Mozambîque Arîcan Natîona Congress MANU Makonde Arîcan Natîona Unîon MANU Mozambîque Arîcan Natîona Unîon MCP Maawî Congress Party MFA Movîmento das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Movement – Portuga) MNC Mouvement Natîona Congoaîs (Congoese Natîona Movement)