No Longer Naive

Ibrahim Mustapha

Description

No Longer NaIve is an in-depth look at the history of African soccer at the game's greatest showcase event. As soccer grew globally over the 20th century and the World Cup became the zenith of the sport internationally, Africa was left trailing, both through a lack of organization and exclusion by the powers that be. In 1974, Africa's 'best' team, Zaire, were humiliated on the world stage, creating a negative perception of African soccer. Teams from Africa were often labelled naIve in their approach, but gradually African nations repaired their reputation. This led to increased participation, vastly improved players and famous victories over the world's best - culminating in the tournament being hosted on the continent for the first time in 2010. However, while great strides have been made on the pitch, greed, in-fighting, violence and the whiff of corruption behind the scenes have undermined progress. African sides are no longer naIve, but are we any closer to seeing a team from Africa lift the World Cup?

Informations

• Publié par: Pitch Publishing
• Date de parution: 23 août 2021
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781785319778
• Langue: English

Extrait

First published by Pitch Publishing, 2021
Pitch Publishing
A2 Yeoman Gate
Yeoman Way
Durrington
BN13 3QZ
www.pitchpublishing.co.uk
©Ibrahim Mustapha, 2021
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Any oversight will be rectified in future editions at the earliest opportunity by the publisher.
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A CIP catalogue record is available for this book from the British Library
Print ISBN 9781785317965
eBook ISBN 9781785319778
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Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. Zaire – African Ignorance and Mobutu’s Influence
2. Colonialism, CAF and the Complicated Road to Recognition
3. Roaming Foxes and the Disgrace of Gijon
4. Morocco’s History Boys
5. Roger Milla’s Italian Job
6. All Eyes on the Eagles
7. Senegal’s Eastern Promise
8. Fresh Faces for Germany
9. The Fall and Rise of South African Football
10. The Tournament, Part I – Welcome to Africa
11. The Tournament, Part II – Black Stars Shine Bright
12. More Money, More Problems in Brazil
13. From Russia with Little Love
Epilogue
Statistics – The Complete Record of African Teams at the World Cup
Bibliography
Photos
FOR DAD
Acknowledgements
FIRST AND foremost, I would like to thank Dad for getting me into football and of course, constantly talking me through the complicated politics of Africa and all its foibles. Rest in peace, Papa. This is for you. I also want to thank Mum who has always encouraged me to be creative, and my sister Ayisha for always keeping me on my toes. To my wonderful Kate for all your support and proofreading, even though the subject is outside of your particular field of interest, and to little Isabella, despite tearing up my notes! To Paul and Caroline for babysitting help and space to get work done, and to Jeff for the helpful advice. Thanks to Paul and Jane, and Pitch Publishing for taking a chance and trusting me. And finally, thanks to everyone who was happy to help and speak to me on various aspects of the work during my research: Gary Al Smith, Paul Ezeoke, Ahmed Atta, Dr Adel Saad, Meher Mezahi, Rahman Osman, and the guys at Maghrib Foot.
Introduction
IF YOU had the good fortune to represent your country at a World Cup, what impression would you want to leave? Beyond the dream of actually lifting the trophy and playing a significant role in that, how, if you had the chance to decide, would you want to be remembered? A great goal? An unforgettable winner? A hat-trick? A fantastic goal-preventing tackle or save?
Even in infamy you could make a name for yourself. Through a contentious goal scored with your hand, for example. Or perhaps planting a headbutt on an opponent as the world watches on in shock during the final. How about such a blatant and absurd transgression of the most basic laws of the game that is so laughable, it virtually brings humiliation and shame on yourself, your country and, in fact, your entire continent?
On 22 June 1974, Mwepu Ilunga would write his name into World Cup folklore for this very reason. On this fateful day, in front of a reported 35,000 fans packed inside Gelsenkirchen’s Parkstadion in West Germany, reigning world champions Brazil are leading 2-0 against tournament debutants Zaire. With a little over ten minutes to play, the South Americans have a free kick some 25 yards from goal. Seleção superstars Rivellino and Jairzinho stand over the ball, licking their lips at the opportunity presented to them. Both players are already on the scoresheet and a brief discussion ensues as to who will take the kick, potentially adding to their tally. The whistle blows and Jairzinho appears to back off slightly while gesturing to his team-mate. The Zaire defensive wall stands tall in preparation. All but one man. Ilunga defiantly breaks free, charging towards the stationary ball before taking a huge swipe. A shocked Rivellino momentarily cowers slightly, believing Ilunga is aiming for him, before looking up to see the Adidas Telstar Durlast flying away into the distance. The moustachioed Brazilian forward is simply left stunned and confused, as are the rest of the players on the pitch.
The TV camera, caught as much by surprise as everybody else, fails to track the ball so the image of Ilunga’s kick soaring away off screen makes the scene even more of a visual oddity for those watching. ‘What on earth did he do that for?’ screams a puzzled John Motson on commentary. As Romanian referee Nicolae Rainea marches over to issue a yellow card, Ilunga puts his hand to his mouth, miming the action of a whistle, apparently suggesting he thought the ball was in play. After being booked, the player then performs a sarcastic bow towards Rainea, arms outstretched for maximum effect, before returning to the wall to prepare for a retake.
The free kick went down in history and for many, many years saw both player and his team as the subject of mockery, with the widely accepted explanation being that Ilunga, Zaire and African footballers in general didn’t understand the rules of the game.
The journey to that fateful moment was a long one. Despite the land mass itself existing since Earth’s very beginnings and being widely accepted as the birthplace of humankind, Africa in the 1970s was, by Western standards, viewed as relatively ‘young’ and naïve compared to the rest of the world. Most countries on the continent had only recently achieved independence and while many were still trying to find their feet, those same feet were also trying to make an impression on the football pitch.
What better way to celebrate new-found national identity than through football, one might ask? And what better setting to do this than at the World Cup? After successfully creating its own tournament in the form of the African Cup of Nations (AFCON), the aim of every football-playing African nation was to eventually compete on the global stage.
Complicated colonial relationships with former rulers both helped and hindered this ambition over time, with some nations quickly using the link to their past as an advantage, while others needed far longer to become established as they struggled to unburden themselves from those shackles. North Africa were the early pace-setters, primarily due to the region’s relatively short distance, and crucially, access to Europe. For central African nation Zaire to buck that trend in 1974 was quite the achievement.
African football was still very much behind Europe and South America but despite Zaire’s glaring failings, steady growth and improvement continued to cascade south. World Cup representation eventually increased, and not just to make up the numbers as famous victories against the so-called established elite earned African football greater respect. It was almost inevitable that the continent would eventually host the competition, and when South Africa was awarded the 2010 tournament, it was further proof of how far things had moved on since 1974 and that kick.
But the kick was inescapable. Zaire had left an unfavourable impression as only the third African participants in the history of the World Cup. Despite its notoriety, Ilunga’s moment of madness itself was just a small part of a chaotic showing, with behind-the-scenes problems also undermining their brief moment in the spotlight. The ‘naïve’ stereotype that outsiders commonly held about Africa – both on and off the pitch – had simply been fuelled further. This was African football for the uninitiated, and there was much work to be done to undo this perception and change this negative image.
1
Zaire – African Ignorance and Mobutu’s Influence
THE WORLD Cup of 1974 may have been the tenth edition of the tournament but for many fans and observers of the global game, this would be their first experience of seeing a team from sub-Saharan Africa playing football at any level. The tournament had seen fleeting glimpses of Egypt and Morocco previously, but there was generally a greater familiarity with teams from the north of the continent due to its proximity to Europe, and the fact several players from the region had already migrated to European clubs. Zaire, on the other hand, was far further south than many in the global north would have even been aware of, let alone travelled to, and was certainly an unknown entity as far as football was concerned. However, it isn’t as though they had simply wandered in off the street to compete at the World Cup. This was, at the time, an African powerhouse who had lifted the coveted African Cup of Nations just three months earlier. They may not have shown it in West Germany, but the team known as the Leopards were something of a force to be reckoned with back in Africa and the story behind their calamitous World Cup experience is far, far more complex than it appears.
The large region in the centre of Africa today known as the Democratic Republic of Congo has a storied, complicated and brutal history. In pre-colonial times, the transatlantic slave trade saw millions of Africans forcibly transported from its western coast to the Americas, leading to the region becoming increasingly fragmented and impoverished. European settlers were reluctant to venture inland, meaning much of the area initially remained free of colonial rule. From 1874 however, the British explorer Henry Morton Stanley, on behalf of Belgium’s King Leopold II, was sent to the region and eventually establis