Protection of Maize Under the Mexican Biosafety Law

Gutierrez Gonzalez Alicia

Description

This book analyzes the importance of maize worldwide and the special importance for Mexico as a center of origin and diversity (COD). By adopting a comparative approach, the analysis focuses on how developed and developing countries handle imports of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's). The book also analyzes the impact that GMO maize imports from the USA might have in Mexico as a COD of maize. This book illustrates the process of economic liberalization in Mexico from the 1980s until the inception of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, and provides a descriptive and analytical insight into the Mexican legal framework of biotechnology and biosafety, including complying with both international environmental and trade commitments.

Sujets

• México
• Sustainability
• Trade pact
• International relations
• Mexico

Informations

• Publié par: University of Akron Press
• Date de parution: 01 mars 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781935603610
• Langue: English

Extrait

Alicia Guti rrez Gonz lez
The Protection of Maize under the Mexican Biosafety Law: Environment and Trade
erschienen in der Reihe der Universit tsdrucke im Universit tsverlag G ttingen 2010
Alicia Guti rrez Gonz lez
The Protection of Maize under the Mexican Biosafety Law: Environment and Trade



Universit tsverlag G ttingen 2010
North American Edition The University of Akron Press
First University of Akron Press edition, 2011.



ISBN : 978-1-935603-04-7
Distributed exclusively by The University of Akron Press in the United States and Canada. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI z39.48-1984.
Manufactured in the United States of America.






First published 2010 in Germany by Universit tsverlag G ttingen
Copyright 2010 by Universit tsverlag G ttingen
All inquiries and permission requests should be addressed to the copyright holder
The Protection of Maize under the Mexican Biosafety Law: Environment and Trade
THE PROTECTION OF MAIZE UNDER THE MEXICAN BIOSAFETY LAW: ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE
CHAPTER I
B IOTECHNOLOGY AND B IODIVERSITY : D EVELOPMENTS , P OTENTIALS AND C ONCERNS
I NTRODUCTION
A. Development of Biotechnology
I. Historical Development
II. Overview of Biotechnology
III. Categorisation of Biotechnology
IV. Benefits and Risks of Biotechnology
V. Biotechnology and its Commercial Use from 1996 to 2008
VI. Important Biotechnology Institutes in Mexico
VII. Multinational Biotech Corporations
B. Protection of Biodiversity in Mexico with Special Focus on Maize
I. Current Mexican Protection of Biodiversity
II. Defining Maize (Zea Mays Subsp. Mays)
III. Mexico as Centre of Origin and Diversity of Maize
IV. Importance of Maize both Worldwide and for Mexico
V. Consumption of Maize in Developed and in Developing Countries
C. Concerns
I. Contamination of Maize in Mexico: The Report of the Commission for Economical Cooperation (CEC)
II. The Star-Link Event
D. Conclusion
CHAPTER II
M EXICAN AND I NTERNATIONAL B IOSAFETY R ULES R EGARDING G ENETICALLY M ODIFIED O RGANISMS
I NTRODUCTION
A. Early and Sectoral Approaches
I. The United States of America (USA)
II. Germany
III. The European Union
IV. Mexico
B. Conceptualization of the Issue with Relevance to Biodiversity and Biotechnology by the Lead of the CBD and the BSP
I. Agenda 21
II. Convention on Biological Diversity
III. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
VI. Other International Developments
C. The Mexican Biosafety Law as an Implementation of International Commitments in the Sense of a Homogenous Approach
I. Hierarchy of International Agreements in Mexico
II. Historical Development of the Mexican Biosafety Law
III. Coordination of Biotechnology Policies
IV. Adoption of the Precautionary Principle
V. National Register of Biosafety on GMO s
VI. The Information System of Living Modified Organisms (SIOVM)
VII. Objectives and Scope of the Mexican Biosafety Law
VIII. The Risk Assessment Applying the Precautionary Principle on a Case-by-case Basis
IX. Procedure for Approval of Permits for the Release of GMO s into the Environment
X. Procedure for Authorization of GMO s Intended for Direct Use as FFP s, Including Imports
XI. Imports and Exports of GMO s
XII. Restriction of Release of GMO s into the Environment
XIII. Regime for Special Protection of Maize
D. Conclusion
CHAPTER III
T HE M EXICAN B IOSAFETY L AW AND THE NAFTA/WTO R EGIMES R EGARDING I MPORTS OF GM M AIZE
I NTRODUCTION
A. Process of Economic Liberalisation in Mexico
I. Agricultural Policies Objectives from 1990 to 2008
II. Liberalization of the Corn Market: Domestic Intervention
III. Asymetries in Terms of Economics, Technology, Production Factors, and Agricultural Policies and Support between Mexico vis- -vis USA Regarding Maize
IV. Elimination of Trade Barriers and the Protection for Import-Sensitive Products such as Maize within the NAFTA Regime
B. The Mexican Biosafety Law and the NAFTA/WTO Regimes
I. General Trade Rules
II. National Policy Exceptions
C. Imports of GM Maize
I. Harmonization of Labelling and Identification of GMO s Imports within NAFTA
II. Labelling and Identification Requirements of GMO s Imports
III. Imports Bans within the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)
D. Conclusion
S UMMARY
B IBLIOGRAPHY
I NDEX
List of Tables
Table 1.1
Colours of Biotechnology
Table 1.2
Global Area of Biotech Crops in 2008: by Country (Million Ha.) Biotech Crops and Mega-Countries, 2008
Table 1.3
Infra-species of Teosintes
Table 1.4
Races of Maize in Mexico
Table 1.5
Maize Consumption per Capita (kg per person)
Table 2.1
Overview of Agency Responsibilities
Table 2.2
Requests for the Release of GMO s into the Environment from 1988 to 27 November 2006
Table 2.3
Status of the Request from 1988 to 27 November 2006
Table 2.4
GDP: Investment in Science and Technology
Table 2.5
Request of Permits for the Release of GMO s into the Environment
Table 3.1
Asymetries between Mexico vis- -vis USA
Table 3.2
Tariffs on Imports of Selected Agricultural Products
Table 3.3
Maize: Market Access into Mexico and NAFTA Quotas
List of Figures
Figure 1.1
Global Status of GM Crops in 2008
Figure 1.2
Global Map of Biotech Crop Countries and Mega-Countries in 2008
Figure 2.1
Supreme Legislation in Mexico
Figure 2.2
Permits for the Release of GMO s into the Environment
Figure 2.3
Permits in Pilot Program
Figure 2.4
Approvals of GMO s for Human Use or Human Consumption
Figure 2.5
Case-by-case Basis
Figure 2.6
Step-by-step Basis
Figure 3.1
Hierarchy of Inter-institutional Agreements
List of Maps
Map 1.1
Mexico as Vavilov Centre
Map 1.2
Teosintes and Maize
Map 1.3
Maize and Macrofossils
List of Abbreviations
AIA
Advance Informed Agreement
AMC
Mexican Science Academy
ASERCA
Agricultural Marketing Support Services
BCH
Bio-safety Clearing House
BINAS
Biosafety Information Network and Advisory Service
BSP
Biosafety Protocol/Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
BT
Bacillus Thuringiensis
CAC
Codex Alimentariux Commission
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
CBM
Biological Mesoamerican Corridor
CEC
Commission for Environmental Cooperation
CENICA
National Environmental Research and Training Centre
CHM
Clearing House Mechanism
CIBIOGEM
Inter-Secretarial Commission on Biosafety and Genetically Modified Organisms
CGIAR
Consultative Group on International Agriculture
CIMMYT
International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement
CINVESTAV
Centre for Research and Advanced Studies
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CNBA
National Commission for Agricultural Biosafety
COD
Centre of Origin and Diversity
CODEX
Codex Alimentarius Commission
COFEMER
Federal Commission for the Regulatory Improvement
COFEPRIS
Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks
CONABIO
National Commission for the Use and Knowledge of Biodiversity
CONACYT
National Council on Science and Technology
CONANP
National Commission of Protected Areas
CONASUPO
National Company of Popular Subsistence
COP
Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
COP/MOP
Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol
DGIAAP
Plant Health General Directorate
DGIF
General Directorate for Phytozoosanitary Inspection
DGIRA
General Directorate of Environmental and Impact Assessments
DGSV
General Directorate on Plant Health
DICONSA
Food Distribution Agency
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DPH
Directorate of Plant Health
DR
Delayed Ripening
EFSA
European Food Safety Authority
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EC
European Communities
EU
European Union
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EIS
Environmental Impact Statement
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GE
Genetic Engineering
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GTI
Global Taxonomy Initiative
GM
Genetically Modified
GMOs
Genetically Modified Organisms
HT
Herbicide Tolerance
ICCP
Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol
ICGEB
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
IEL
International Environmental Law
IGTC
International Grain Trade Coalition
INE
National Institute for Ecology
INEGI
National Statistics Geography and Informatics Institute
INIFAP
National Institute of Forestry and Agriculture Research
IRRO
Information Resource for the Release of Organisms
ISAAA
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications
LGEEPA
General Law for Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection
LMO
Living Modified Organism
LMO-FFPs
Living Modified Organism for Food, Feed and Processing
MEA
Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MFN
Most Favoured Nation Treatment
MSDN
Microbial Strain Data Network
NAAEC
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
NABI
North American Biotechnology Initiative
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
NBSAP
National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan
NDP
National Development Plan
NGOs
Non Governmental Organizations
NIHRAC
National Institute of Health rDNA Advisory Committee
NOM
Mexican Official Standard
NMX
Voluntary Mexican Standards
OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PAN
National Action Party
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
PIC
Prior Informed Consent
PRI
Institutional Revolutionary Party
PVEM
Mexican Green E