Tourism, Globalization and Development

Donald G. Reid

Description

Tourism is booming world wide - it makes up a massive part of the global economy. Donald G. Reid's book focuses on tourism in developing and less-developed countries. He examines its social and environmental impact and offers a timely critical analysis of the part it plays in globalisation.



Many of the world's poorest countries rely on the tourist trade for the major part of their income. However, all too often, the local communities involved do not reap the benefits of this trade. Developers often exclude local communities from the initial planning and decision-making process, viewing them either as a benign resource to be exploited, or as an impediment.



This is a rigourous critique of corporate-led tourism development, which lays out alternatives for planning and control to the local communities. It argues that only in this way can the vastly differing requirements of each community be addressed, and social and environmental issues can be dealt with properly. The book includes a discussion of macro planning theory, and offers three case studies of locally controlled projects that show clearly how communities developing a tourist trade can benefit.
Introduction

1. Globalization And The Political Economy of Tourism Development

2. Tourism As A Function Of Development Studies

3. Concepts Of Tourism

4. Planning And Development Theory And Its Relation To Tourism Development

5. The Normative View Of Tourism Of Planning

6. Case Studies In Tourism Planning

7. The Integration Of Tourism In General Development

Bibliography

Index

Sujets

• Economic Development
• Development studies
• General officer
• Economics
• Development
• Business
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 juillet 2003
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781783713509
• Langue: English

Extrait

Tourism, Globalization and Development
Tourism, Globalization and Development
Responsible Tourism Planning
Donald G. Reid
First published 2003 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Donald G. Reid 2003
The right of Donald G. Reid to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-7453-1999-5 Hardback
ISBN-13 978-0-7453-1998-8 Paperback
ISBN-13 978-1-8496-4178-4 PDF eBook
ISBN-13 978-1-7837-1351-6 Kindle eBook
ISBN-13 978-1-7837-1350-9 EPUB eBook
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Reid, Donald G.
Tourism, globalization and development: responsible tourism planning / Donald G. Reid.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0–7453–1999–8 (hbk) –– ISBN 0–7453–1998–X (pbk)
1. Tourism. 2. Economic development. I. Title.
G155.A1R4565 2003
338.4’791––dc21
2003008498
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin. The paper may contain up to 70% post consumer waste.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by
Chase Publishing Services, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG
Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton
Printed and bound in the European Union by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne, England
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgements
1
INTRODUCTION
 
Tourism and development
 
The organization of this book
 
The context of tourism planning
2
GLOBALIZATION AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
 
Introduction
 
Corporate globalization and its effects on society
 
Globalization, sustainability and sustainable development
 
The new economy
 
Tourism as a system
 
Reasserting the community’s role in the new economy
3
TOURISM AS A FUNCTION OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
 
Introduction
 
The context for tourism development
 
The context of development studies
 
Development studies
 
Grass-roots implementation in developed and less developed countries
4
CONCEPTS OF TOURISM
 
Introduction
 
Defining tourism
 
Social–psychological definitions
 
Sociological definitions
 
Economic definitions
 
Community definitions
 
Ecological definitions
5
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES AND THEIR RELATION TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
 
Introduction
 
The need for theory in tourism development
 
The contribution of planning theory to tourism development
 
General organizational strategies
 
Community organization and leadership
6
THE NORMATIVE VIEW OF TOURISM PLANNING
 
Introduction
 
The planning framework
 
Research methods
 
Individual and community needs assessment
 
Economic, social and environmental research
 
Economic analysis
 
Physical resource inventory
 
Regulation and logistical analysis
 
Market analysis
 
Social and cultural impact analysis
 
Environmental analysis
 
The concept of carrying capacity
 
Geographical information systems
 
Tourism planner as social critic
7
CASE STUDIES IN TOURISM PLANNING
 
Introduction
 
Case study: Golden, BC, and Kicking Horse Mountain Resort
 
Introduction
 
The consultation
 
The tourism sector discussion
 
Critique of the Golden tourism planning process
 
Case study: Kenya
 
Kenya and its tourism product
 
The problems of Kenya and its tourism industry
 
The philosophy and approach of the KWS
 
Highlights of the KWS conceptual plan
 
Kimana
 
Critique of the KWS initiative
 
Case study: Bermuda
 
Tourism in Bermuda
 
Challenges to Bermuda’s tourism industry
 
Strategic planning
 
Critique of the Bermudian plan
 
Analysis of the case studies
8
THE INTEGRATION OF TOURISM WITHIN GENERAL DEVELOPMENT
 
Introduction
 
The intricacies of tourism development
 
Criteria for tourism development
 
Building sustainable community tourism
Bibliography
Index
List of Tables and Figures
TABLES
2.1
International Tourism Receipts (Excluding International Transport), Percentage Share by Region and Percentage Change, 1988–1997
2.2
Financial Analysis for Seven of the Largest Trans-National Tourism and Travel Corporations
4.1
Social Practices Defining Tourism
6.1
Tourism Self-assessment Questionnaire
6.2
Location Quotients for Guelph/Wellington County Municipalities in Comparison with County and Provincial Location Quotients
6.3
Physical Resource Inventory Recording Sheet
6.4
Resources, Use and Allocation
6.5
Carrying Capacity Framework
7.1
Summary of the KHMR Facilities at Full Build Out
7.2
Basic Tourism Statistics for Golden
7.3
Tourism Sector Discussion Summary
FIGURES
2.1
Arai’s Process of Personal Empowerment
4.1
Categories of Tourism Activities
5.1
Integration of Planning Theories
5.2
Community Development Tourism Planning Strategy
5.3
Stakeholders in the Community Tourism System
6.1
Community Tourism Product Development Planning Process
6.2
Critical Path Format
6.3
Recreational Impact Interrelationships
7.1
National Parks and Reserves of Kenya
7.2
Amboseli National Park and Kimana Group Ranch
7.3
The Role of the Bermuda Alliance for Tourism within the Tourism Industry
7.4
Anchors of the Essence of Bermuda
Acknowledgements
A book of this type does not get written without significant help and encouragement from a number of people. First and foremost, I want to thank my partner in life Patricia MacPherson for her patience and support during the writing of the manuscript. Additionally, Patricia assisted with the research that eventually became the Bermuda case study. Thank you to Judith Hall-Bean, Director of the Bermuda Tourism Department and Billy Griffith, President of the Hotel Association of Bermuda for their openness and interest in assisting with this project. Heather Mair and Jennifer Sumner reviewed earlier drafts of this manuscript and provided valuable advice along the way. My research team and colleagues Wanda George and Heather Mair have worked diligently on our research projects which allowed me to reflect on the state of tourism today and how it is tied to corporate globalization and, more importantly, its effect on many communities and people around the world. Many thanks to Victor Cumming, principle of the consulting firm Westcoast Economic Development Associates for involving me in the Golden impact assessment project which is included in this book as a case study. Thanks must also go to the people of Golden for their openness and interest in having their story told. Also, thank you to Isaac Sindiga (deceased) my Kenya research partner who would have coauthored the Kenya case study if he had survived. The cooperation of David Western and the Kenya Wildlife Service is also appreciated. Thanks also to Jim Taylor, colleague at the University of Guelph who has worked on many aspects of the research which provided background to this work. Also, a special thank you must go to Teus Kamphorst, Director of the World Leisure and Recreation Association’s International Centre of Excellence (WICE), Wageningen, The Netherlands, where much of the manuscript was written while I was on sabbatical. The accommodations, office support and intellectual atmosphere provided by Teus and WICE was of great help. Lastly, a very special thank you must go to all of the communities and individuals involved in the many research projects which have led to the completion of this work. To them I am eternally grateful for their understanding and willingness to share their experience.
1
Introduction
TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT
Tourism is a dynamic force homogenizing societies and commodifying cultures across the globe. It is promoted as a positive means of economic development for the many countries and communities who have lost their traditional industries, or for those who simply hope to improve their general economic condition. Historically, however, tourism has not been a positive experience for all parties engaged in the development process, or treated all stakeholders in the enterprise equally. While transnational corporations and entrepreneurs benefit greatly from tourism development, local people often bear the cost of that development without adequate reward. In an attempt to expose these inadequacies and subsequently set out a different course, this book provides a critique of the tourism development process as it has developed historically. This critique is followed by a practical guide to the future development of the industry. It stresses the role of community as the foundation on which tourism development must be constructed if it is to achieve the results proponents suggest are important to society. Tourism is analyzed here from the point of view of holistic development, and the constraints placed on its sustainability by corporate globalization are examined.
After the dramatic attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush announced that ‘those responsible will be brought to justice, or justice will be brought to them’. At first blush this may seem to most US citizens like an appropriate response – particularly to those personally affected by the disaster, and their allies across the globe. However, it is recognized by many that this attitude will not deal with the root causes of the problem that provoked the incident in the first place, nor with what has been described as the worldwide rise of terrorism. Some scholars, including McMurtry (1999), argue that these types of event are incubated by what he calls the ‘cance