Event Impact Assessment

Donald Getz

Description

Impact assessment can be highly technical and complex, requiring a broad knowledge base and diverse skills, but like evaluation, it is a process fraught with philosophical, technical and political perils. Why is it done, by whom, and how, must be carefully planned. Impacts cannot always be 'proven', so the nature of evidence becomes critical. Accordingly, a strong theoretical base is needed by all IA practitioners. Whilst economic impacts have received a great deal of attention, with sufficient material available to guide all applications, for social, cultural and environmental IA the theory and practice has lagged. In the context of Triple Bottom Line, social responsibility and sustainability approaches most of the available literature is on normative goals (such as going green, meeting sustainability standards), the nature of positive and negative impacts (a descriptive approach or based on public input), or theory about how impacts occur; very little theory development or praxis has been directed at impact assessment for these applied fields. In response to this lack of information, Event Impact Assessment is the first text to: Develop professionalism for IA and evaluation in these applied management fields. Position impact assessment within sustainability and responsibility paradigms. Recommend goals, methods and measures for planning, evaluation and impact assessment pertaining to events and tourism. Encourage the adoption of standard methods and key performance indicators in evaluation and impact assessment in order to facilitate valid comparisons, benchmarking, reliable forecasts, transparency and accountability. Provide concepts and models that can be adapted to diverse situations. Connect readers to the research literature through use of Research Notes and provision of additional readings. This text also works well as a companion text to Event Evaluation: Theory and methods for event management and tourism. The Events Management Theory and Methods Series examines the extent to which mainstream theory is being employed to develop event-specific theory, and to influence the very core practices of event management and event tourism. Each compact volume contains overviews of mainstream management theories and methods, examples from the events literature, case studies, and guidance on all aspects of planned-event management. They introduce the theory, show how it is being used in the events sector through a literature review, incorporate examples and case studies written by researchers and/or practitioners, and contain methods that can be used effectively in the real world. Series editor: Donald Getz. With online resource material, this mix-and-match collection is ideal for lecturers who need theoretical foundations and case studies for their classes, by students in need of reference works, by professionals wanting increased understanding alongside practical methods, and by agencies or associations that want their members and stakeholders to have access to a library of valuable resources.

Sujets

• Employabilité, métiers et formations
• Hospitality industry
• Tourism

Informations

• Publié par: Goodfellow Publishers Ltd
• Date de parution: 30 novembre 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781911635055
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

EVENTS MANAGEMENT THEORY AND METHODS SERIES

EVENT Event Impact Assessment: IMPACT Theory and Methods for ASSESSMENT Event Management and Tourîsm Theory and methods for event managementandtourism Donald Getz, PhD.

( G ) DONALD GE Go T o Z dellow Publîshers Ltd

Published by Goodfellow Publishers Limited, ( G ) 26 Home Close, Wolvercote, Oxford OX2 8PS hp://www.goodfellowpublishers.com

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: a catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on île. ISBN: 978-1-911635-05-5 The Events Management Theory and Methods Series Copyright © Donald Ge, 2019 All rights reserved. The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

Design and typeseing by P.K. McBride, www.macbride.org.uk Cover design by Cylinder

Contents

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Introductîon to the Events Management Theory and Methods Serîes

Preace To Event Impact Assessment Basîc Concepts and Deinîtîons Theory Impact Assessment Process, Measures and Methods Socîal Impact Assessment

Cultural Impacts

Buîlt Envîronment

Ecologîcal Impacts

Economîc Impact Assessment

Conclusîons Reerences Index

vîî îx 1 22 49 84 112 130 152 170 208 216 230

îv

Lîst o Fîgures

Event Impact Assessment

1.1: Categorîes and exampes o evauatîon and împact assessment

1.2: Key deInîtîons

1.3: ïmpact varîabes and some key questîons to ask (heurîstîcs or ïA)

1.4: Addîtîona concepts and deInîtîons

1.5: Four appîcatîons o ïA or events and tourîsm

1.6: Mîtîgatîon deIned

1.7: The subjects and objects o împact assessment

2.1: Outcomes System Mode

2.2: Logîc mode or event and tourîsm evauatîon and împact assessment

2.3: Theory o Change mode

2.4: Types o evîdence and reated data and possîbe appîcatîons

2.5: The Forces-Pressure-State-ïmpact-Response mode

6 11 12 14 16 16 18 24 25 31 34 38

3.1: Four ïA pannîng processes compared 53 3.2: Methods dîscussed în thîs book 62 3.3: Sampe ïA matrîx or event împact orecastîng 65 3.4: ïustratîon o a Rapîd ïmpact Assessment 67 3.5: Two sîmpe împact scenarîos or a new sport arena 72 3.6: Sampe decîsîon tree 75 4.1 (A): Persona and amîy împacts, wîth sampe methods and îndîcators 92 4.1 (B): Specîa cases o împacts on îndîvîduas 93 4.1 (C): Socîa împacts on socîa groups and sub-cutures 95 4.1 (D): Socîa împacts on events and event organîsatîons 95 4.1 (E): Socîa împacts on communîtîes and cîtîes 97 4.1 (F): Socîa ïmpacts on Busînesses 97 4.1 (G): Socîa împacts on tourîst destînatîons 98 4.1 (H): Socîa împacts on poîtîcs and government 99 4.1 (ï): Socîa împacts on socîety as a whoe or the natîon 99 4.3: Eements ïn the SïA process (orecastîng and retrospectîve) 101 4.4: Suggested questîons and ormat or examînîng perceîved împacts o events  and tourîsm by resîdents or other stakehoders 104 4.5: ïndîcators or measurîng the socîa-capîta outcomes o events 108 4.6: Eements o socîa capîta and suggested îndîcators 109

Lîst of Fîgures

v

5.1 (A): Cutura împacts on îndîvîdua and amîîes (resîdents) 117 5.1 (B): ïmpacts on groups and sub-cutures 117 5.1 (C): events and event organîsatîons 118 5.1 (D): Cutura împacts on busînesses 119 5.1 (E): Communîtîes and cîtîes 119 5.1 (F): Tourîst destînatîons 120 5.1 (G): Poîtîcs and government 121 5.1 (H): Whoe cutures or natîons 121 5.2: Mînd mappîng or consutatîons în CïA 126 5.3: Assessîng cutura împacts o events on îndîvîduas and communîtîes 128 6.1 (A): ïndîvîduas and Famîîes 135 6.1 (B): Groups and sub-groups 136 6.1 (C): Goas or events and event organîsatîons 136 6.1 (D): Goas or împacts on busînesses 137 6.1 (E): Goas or împacts on communîtîes and cîtîes 138 6.1 (F): Goas or împacts on tourîst destînatîons 138 6.1 (G): Goas or împacts on poîtîcs and government 139 6.1 (H): Goas or the natîon 140 6.2: Pace makîng, pace marketîng, posîtîonîng, îmage, reputatîon and brandîng 141 6.3: Medîa goas, methods and îndîcators 144 7.1: Event settîngs spectrum and key împact varîabes 156 7.2 (A): Goas or îndîvîduas and amîîes (resîdents) 157 7.2 (B): Goas or groups and sub cutures 158 7.2 (C): Goas or events and event organîsatîons 158 7.2 (D): Goas or busînesses 160 7.2 (E): Goas or communîtîes and cîtîes 160 7.2 (F): Goas or tourîst destînatîons 161 7.2 (G): Goas or poîtîcs and government 161 7.2 (H): Goas or socîety as a whoe; the natîon 162 7.3: Forecastîng envîronmenta împacts or a new arena and an îndoor event 165 8.1: Major economîc deveopment and growth goas and specîIc objectîves 174 8.2: Major economîc costs and negatîve împacts 715 8.3 (A): Economîc împacts on îndîvîduas and amîîes (resîdents) 177

vî

Event Impact Assessment

8.3 (B): Economîc împacts on socîa & cutura groups

8.3 (C): Events and event organîsers

8.3 (D): Communîty and cîty

8.3 (E): Economîc împacts on busînesses

8.3 (F): Economîc împacts on tourîsm destînatîons

8.3 (G): Poîtîcs and government

8.3 (H): Economîc împacts on socîety as a whoe, or the natîon

8.4: The dîrect and îndîrect contrîbutîon o event tourîsm

8.5: Key deInîtîons or economîc ïA

8.6: Specîa consîderatîons or types o events and theîr economîc împacts

8.7: Sampe summary o the economîc contrîbutîon o an event

9.1: Sampe key împact îndîcators or the evauatîon o beneIts and costs

9.2: The BACE mode

9.3: A ramework to îdentîy wînners and osers

9.4: Four scenarîos to evauate împacts

717 178 179 180 811

182 182 815 185 191 205 210 211 123 214

 vîî

Introductîon to the Events Management Theory and Methods Serîes

Event management as a îeld of study and professional practice has its textbooks with plenty of models and advice, a body of knowledge (EMBOK), competency standards (MBECS) and professional associations with their codes of conduct. But to what extent is it truly an applied management îeld? In other words, where is the management theory in event management, how is it being used, and what are the practical applications? Event tourism is a related îeld, one that is deîned by the roles events play in tourism and economic development. The primary consideration has always been economic, although increasingly events and managed event portfolios meet more diverse goals for cities and countries. While the economic aspects have been well developed, especially economic impact assessment and forecasting, the applica- tion of management theory to event tourism has not received adequate aention. In this book series we launch a process of examining the extent to which main- stream theory is being employed to develop event-speciîc theory, and to inuence the practice of event management and event tourism. This is a very big task, as there are numerous possible theories, models and concepts, and virtually unlim- ited advice available on the management of îrms, small and family businesses, government agencies and not-for-proîts. Inevitably, we will have to be selective. The starting point is theory. Scientiîc theory must both explain a phenomenon, and be able to predict what will happen. Experiments are the dominant form of classical theory development. But for management, predictive capabilities are usually lacking; it might be wiser to speak of theory in development, or theory fragments. It is often the process of theory development that marks research in management, including the testing of hypotheses and the formulation of proposi- tions. Models, frameworks, concepts and sets of propositions are all part of this development.

Knowedge creatîon concernîng panned events

Theory o reevance to Event Studîes în genera

Busîness organîzatîona & management theory to înorm events management & event tourîsm

vîîî

Event Impact Assessment

The diagram illustrates this approach. All knowledge creation has potential application to management, as does theory from any discipline or îeld. The criti- cal factor for this series is how the theory and related methods can be applied. In the core of this diagram are management and business theories which are the most directly pertinent, and they are often derived from foundation disciplines. All the books in this series will be relatively short, and similarly structured. They are designed to be used by teachers who need theoretical foundations and case studies for their classes, by students in need of reference works, by profes- sionals wanting increased understanding alongside practical methods, and by agencies or associations that want their members and stakeholders to have access to a library of valuable resources. The nature of the series is that as it grows, com- ponents can be assembled by request. That is, users can order a book or collection of chapters to exactly suit their needs. All the books will introduce the theory, show how it is being used in the events sector through a literature review, incorporate examples and case studies wrien by researchers and/or practitioners, and contain methods that can be used eec- tively in the real world. Online resources will include annotated bibliographies, additional resources, and for teachers an instructor’s manual and set of power- point slides.

Preace To Event Impact Assessment

Aîms o thîs book:

îx

 To înorm students and practîtîoners on împact assessment (ïA) theory and methods, as appîed to events and tourîsm.  Deveop proessîonaîsm or ïA and evauatîon în the event management Ied.  Posîtîon împact assessment wîthîn sustaînabîîty and responsîbîîty paradîgms.  Recommend goas, methods and measures or pannîng, evauatîon and împact assessment pertaînîng to events and tourîsm. the adoptîon o standard methods and key perormance îndîcators Encourage în evauatîon and împact assessment în order to acîîtate vaîd comparîsons, benchmarkîng, reîabe orecasts, transparency and accountabîîty.  Provîde concepts and modes that can be adapted to dîverse sîtuatîons. readers to the research îterature through use o Research Notes Connect and provîsîon o addîtîona readîngs. This book on impact assessment logically follows from the companion book Event Evaluation: Theory and Methods for Event Management and Tourism.

Organîsatîon o thîs book Three foundation chapters precede îve thematic chapters on types of impacts. This îrst chapter explains the need for applying generic IA theory and methods to event management, encompassing consideration of event venues and tourism, then provides core concepts and deînitions. Chapter two examines IA theory, including the conducting of impact assessments, and Chapter three explains measurement issues and generic methods that can be adapted to events and tour- ism. The thematic chapters, four through eight, are based on the proposition that tourism and events are agents of change, resulting in social, cultural, built-envi- ronment, ecological and economic impacts. These are called the “objects” of impact assessment. The Economic Impacts chapter is longest, not because it is more important but because of the availability of so much material and the conse- quent need to ensure that readers understand the available methods and learn of additional, vital sources. The impact “subjects” we consider are major categories of people or things that are likely to be changed by events and tourism, and we use seven categories that reect major IA themes: individuals and families; groups and sub cultures; events and event organisations; businesses; communities and cities; tourist destinations, and politics and government. “Residents” are important in all of these categories.

x

Event Impact Assessment

In the Conclusions chapter there is a discussion of traditional Cost-Beneît Anal- ysis (CBA) with emphasis on its limitations, and a suggested short-form using Key Impact Indicators. A description follows of my recommended approach to com- prehensive IA and evaluation of impacts, the BACE model. It stands for Beneîts and Costs Evaluation and is intended to be a planning framework within which all impacts can be compared and evaluated. At the beginning of each chapter are Learning Objectives, and each of these can be readily reformulated as exam questions, in whole or in parts. Students are encouraged to prepare short answers for questions based on these learning objectives. At the end of each chapter are Study Questions more appropriate to essays, or possibly projects. Recommended Readings and Additional Sources are provided, all of which are cited within the text. I have incorporated a lot of information in various chapters about Edinburgh, Scotland, as they are a leading event city internationally and have made available to the public a number of very useful planning and research reports (see www. EdinburgFestivalCity.com).

Acknowledgements Special thanks to Rudi Hartmann, Department of Geography and Environmen- tal Sciences, at the University of Colorado, Denver (see his case study in 6.6).