IEEE 802.11k-2008: High-impact Strategies - What You Need to Know: Definitions, Adoptions, Impact, Benefits, Maturity, Vendors

Kevin Roebuck

Description

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IEEE 802.11k-2008 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11-2007 standard for radio resource management. It defines and exposes radio and network information to facilitate the management and maintenance of a mobile Wireless LAN.

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In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about IEEE 802.11k-2008 right away. A quick look inside: IEEE 802.11k-2008, IEEE 802.11, 125 High Speed Mode, IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode), 802.11 non-standard equipment, IEEE 802.11a-1999, Wireless access point, Yota Egg, AEGIS SecureConnect, Announcement Traffic Indication Message, Arbitration inter-frame spacing, Block acknowledgement, IEEE 802.11b-1999, Beacon frame, CALM M5, Capwap, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance, CCMP, Complementary code keying, DCF Interframe Space, Distributed coordination function, IEEE 802.11d-2001, Direct-sequence spread spectrum, Exposed node problem, Extended interframe space, IEEE 802.11e-2005, Frame aggregation, IEEE 802.11g-2003, Hidden node problem, IEEE 802.11h-2003, IEEE 802.11i-2004, IEEE 802.11ac, Information Element, Inter-Access Point Protocol, IEEE 802.11j-2004, Line-of-sight propagation, List of WLAN channels, Lorcon, MeshBox, IEEE 802.11n-2009, Nitro (wireless networking), IEEE 802.11p, PCF Interframe Space, Point coordination function, Power control, IEEE 802.11r-2008, Reduced Interframe Space, Received signal strength indication, Regdomain, Roofnet, IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS, IEEE 802.11s, Short Interframe Space, Super G (wireless networking), Temporal Key Integrity Protocol, TU (Time Unit), IEEE 802.11u, IEEE 802.11v, IEEE 802.11w-2009, Wi-Fi operating system support, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wired Equivalent Privacy, Wireless distribution system, World-Wide Spectrum Efficiency, Xpress technology, IEEE 802.11y-2008...and Much, Much More!

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Sujets

• Computers
• Informatique
• General officer
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Emereo Publishing
• Date de parution: 24 octobre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781743336601
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

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Contents

Articles IEEE 802.11k-2008 IEEE 802.11 125 High Speed Mode IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode) 802.11 non-standard equipment IEEE 802.11a-1999

Wireless access point Yota Egg AEGIS SecureConnect Announcement Traffic Indication Message Arbitration inter-frame spacing Block acknowledgement IEEE 802.11b-1999 Beacon frame CALM M5 Capwap Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance CCMP Complementary code keying DCF Interframe Space Distributed coordination function IEEE 802.11d-2001 Direct-sequence spread spectrum Exposed node problem Extended interframe space IEEE 802.11e-2005 Frame aggregation IEEE 802.11g-2003 Hidden node problem IEEE 802.11h-2003 IEEE 802.11i-2004 IEEE 802.11ac Information Element Inter-Access Point Protocol

1 2 11 13 14 15 17 20 22 22 23 23 24 26 27 27 28 30 31 32 32 33 34 36 37 37 41 42 44 47 48 51 53 54

IEEE 802.11j-2004 Line-of-sight propagation List of WLAN channels lorcon MeshBox IEEE 802.11n-2009 Nitro (wireless networking) IEEE 802.11p

PCF Interframe Space Point coordination function Power control IEEE 802.11r-2008 Reduced Interframe Space Received signal strength indication Regdomain Roofnet IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS IEEE 802.11s Short Interframe Space Super G (wireless networking) Temporal Key Integrity Protocol TU (Time Unit) IEEE 802.11u IEEE 802.11v IEEE 802.11w-2009 Wi-Fi operating system support Wi-Fi Protected Access Wired Equivalent Privacy Wireless distribution system World-Wide Spectrum Efficiency Xpress technology IEEE 802.11y-2008

References Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Article Licenses

55 56 60 66 66 67 75 75 77 77 78 79 81 81 82 82 83 84 87 87 89 91 92 93 94 95 97 101 105 107 107 108

113 116

License

117

IEEE 802.11k-2008

IEEE 802.11k-2008

IEEE 802.11k-2008is an amendment to IEEE 802.11-2007 standard for radio resource management. It defines and exposes radio and network information to facilitate the management and maintenance of a mobile Wireless LAN.

Radio Resource Management IEEE 802.11k and 802.11r are the key industry standards now in development that will enable seamless Basic Service Set (BSS) transitions in the WLAN environment. The 802.11k standard provides information to discover the best available access point. 802.11k is intended to improve the way traffic is distributed within a network. In a wireless LAN, each device normally connects to the access point (AP) that provides the strongest signal. Depending on the number and geographic locations of the subscribers, this arrangement can sometimes lead to excessive demand on one AP and underutilization of others, resulting in degradation of overall network performance. In a network conforming to 802.11k, if the AP having the strongest signal is loaded to its full capacity, a wireless device is connected to one of the underutilized APs. Even though the signal may be weaker, the overall throughput is greater because more [1] efficient use is made of the network resources.

Protocol operation [1] The following steps are performed before switching to a new access point. 1. Access Point determines that client is moving away from it. 2. Informs client to prepare to switch to a new access point. 3. Client requests list of nearby access points 4. Access point gives site report 5. Client moves to best access point based on report

External references [2] IEEE 802.11k-2008—Amendment 1: Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs . doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4544755. ISBNa978-0-7381-5421-3. [3]  IEEE Task Group TGk

References [1] Simone, Dan (2004-03-29). "802.11k makes WLANs measure up" (http:/ /www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2004/0329techupdate. html).Network World. . [2] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=4544752 [3] http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/tgk_update.htm

1

IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5aGHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The base version of the standardIEEE 802.11-2007has had subsequent amendments. These standards provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand name.

General description

The 802.11 family consists of a series of over-the-air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol. The most popular are those defined by the 802.11b and 802.11g protocols, which are amendments to the original standard. 802.11-1997 was the first wireless networking standard, but 802.11b was the first widely accepted one, followed by 802.11g and 802.11n. 802.11n is a new multi-streaming modulation technique. Other standards in the family (c–f, h, j) are service amendments and extensions or corrections to the previous specifications.

The Linksys WRT54G contains an 802.11b/g radio with two antennas

802.11b and 802.11g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band, operating in the United States under Part 15 of the US Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations. Because of this choice of frequency band, 802.11b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones and Bluetooth devices. 802.11b and 802.11g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling methods, respectively. 802.11a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping channels rather than the [1] 2.4aGHz ISM frequency band, where all channels overlap. Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies (channels) may be realized, depending on the environment.

The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries. In the US, 802.11a and 802.11g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11b and 802.11g fall within the 2.4aGHz amateur radio band. Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11b/g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations, [2] allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption.

History 802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released [3] the ISM band for unlicensed use. In 1991 NCR Corporation/AT&T (now Alcatel-Lucent and LSI Corporation) invented the precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems; the first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s. Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been called the "father of Wi-Fi" was involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a standards within the IEEE. In 1992, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) obtained a patent in Australia for a method of wireless data transfer technology based on the use of Fourier transforms to "unsmear" the signal. In [4] 1996, CSIRO obtained a patent for the same technology in the US. In April 2009, 14 tech companies selling Wi-Fi devices, including Dell, HP, Microsoft, Intel, Nintendo, and Toshiba, agreed to pay CSIRO $250 million for

2

802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy)

Sep 1999

n

Oct 2009

5

1

Freq. (GHz)

Jun 1997

Protocols

2.4

20

5000

Approximate outdoor range

1

—

Approximate indoor range

—

66

1

1, 2

4

—

A1 A2 aaIEEE802.11y-2008extendedoperationof802.11atothelicensed3.7aGHzband.Increasedpowerlimitsallowarangeupto5,000am.As of 2009, it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC. B1 B2  a a Assumes short guard interval (SGI) enabled, otherwise reduce each data rate by 10%.

38

DSSS

OFDM

38

OFDM, DSSS

70

70

2.4

Sep 1999

2.4

Jun 2003

[A] 3.7

802.11 protocol

Since the 2.4aGHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded, using the relatively unused 5aGHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage: the effective overall range of 802.11a is less than that of 802.11b/g. In theory, 802.11a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength and, as a result, cannot penetrate as far as those of 802.11b. In practice, 802.11b typically has a higher range at low speeds (802.11b will reduce speed to 5 Mbit/s or [11] even 1 Mbit/s at low signal strengths). 802.11a too suffers from interference , but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with, resulting in less interference and better throughput.

802.11a The 802.11a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard, but an OFDM based air interface (physical layer). It operates in the 5aGHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit/s, plus [10] error correction code, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s

Legacy 802.11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11b.

15, 30, 45, 60, 90, [B] 120, 135, 150

7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, [B] 65, 72.2

[A] 16000

390

(m)

35

(ft)

330

802.11 network standards Allowable Modulation Data rate per MIMO stream [8] streams (Mbit/s)

IEEE 802.11

20

3

OFDM

[7] Release

(m)

115

(ft)

120

100

DSSS, FHSS

The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999, but is today obsolete. It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s), plus forward error correction code. It specified three alternative physical layer technologies: diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s; frequency-hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s; and direct-sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s. The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4aGHz. Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies, such as the U.S. 900aMHz ISM band.

Bandwidth (MHz)

5.5, 11

1

6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54

6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54

125

250

250

230

140

230

460

[9] 820

140

460

[9] 820

20

40

2.4/5

[5] infringements on the CSIRO patents. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold the [6] Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.

125

20

20

20

a

b

g

IEEE 802.11

802.11b 802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard. 802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since 802.11b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology. 802.11b devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4aGHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4aGHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors, and cordless telephones.

802.11g In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802.11g. This works in the 2.4aGHz band (like 802.11b), but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as 802.11a. It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 [12] Mbit/s exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit/s average throughput. 802.11g hardware is fully backwards compatible with 802.11b hardware and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput when compared to 802.11a by ~21%. The then-proposed 802.11g standard was rapidly adopted by consumers starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer 2003, most dual-band 802.11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and b/g in a single mobile adapter card or access point. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process; in an 802.11g network, however, activity of an 802.11b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11g network. Like 802.11b, 802.11g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4aGHz band, for example wireless keyboards.

802.11-2007 In 2003, task group TGma was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802.11 standard. REVma or 802.11ma, as it was called, created a single document that merged 8 amendments (802.11a, b, d, e, g, h, i, j) with the base standard. Upon approval on March 8, 2007, 802.11REVma was renamed to the [13] then-current base standardIEEE 802.11-2007.

802.11n 802.11n is an amendment which improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple-output antennas (MIMO). 802.11n operates on both the 2.4aGHz and the lesser used 5aGHz bands. The [14] [13] IEEE has approved the amendment and it was published in Octobera2009. Prior to the final ratification, enterprises were already migrating to 802.11n networks based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11n proposal.

4

IEEE 802.11

Channels and international compatibility

Graphical representation of Wi-Fi channels in 2.4 GHz band

802.11 divides each of the above-described bands into channels, analogously to how radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided. For example the 2.4000–2.4835aGHz band is divided into 13 channels each spaced 5aMHz apart, with channel 1 centered on 2.412aGHz and 13 on 2.472aGHz to which Japan adds a 14th channel 12aMHz above channel 13. Since 802.11g OFDM signals use 20aMHz there are only four non-overlapping channels, which are 1, 5, 9 and 13. The previous standard 802.11b was based on DSSS waveforms which used 22aMHz and did not have sharp borders. Due to the way the signal is generated, OFDM waveforms do. Thus only three channels did not overlap. Even now many devices are shipped with channels 1, 6 or 11 as the preset option, slowing the adoption of the newer four channel scheme. Availability of channels is regulated by country, constrained in part by how each country allocates radio spectrum to various services. At one extreme, Japan permits the use of all 14 channels (with the exclusion of 802.11g/n from channel 14), while other countries like Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11, and France only allowed 10, 11, 12 and 13 (now both countries follow the European model of allowing [15] [16] channels 1 through 13 ). Most other European countries are almost as liberal as Japan, disallowing only channel 14, while North America and some Central and South American countries further disallow 12 and 13.

Besides specifying the centre frequency of each channel, 802.11 also specifies (in Clause 17) a spectral mask defining the permitted distribution of power across each channel. The mask requires that the signal be attenuated by at least 30adB from its peak energy at b11aMHz from the centre frequency, the sense in which channels are effectively 22aMHz wide. One consequence is that stations can only use every fourth or fifth channel without overlap, typically 1, 6 and 11 in the Americas, and in theory, 1, 5, 9 and 13 in Europe although 1, 6, and 11 is typical there too. Another is that channels 1–13 effectively require the band 2.401–2.483aGHz, the actual allocations being, for example, 2.400–2.4835aGHz in the UK, 2.402–2.4735aGHz in the US, etc.

Spectral masks for 802.11g channels 1–14 in the 2.4 GHz band

5

IEEE 802.11

Since the spectral mask only defines power output restrictions up to b11aMHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by−50adBr, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. It is more correct to say that, given the separation between channels 1, 6, and 11, the signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel. Due to the near-far problem a transmitter can impact a receiver on a "non-overlapping" channel, but only if it is close to the victim receiver (within a meter) or operating above allowed power levels. Although the statement that channels 1, 6, and 11 are "non-overlapping" is limited to spacing or product density, the 1–6–11 guideline has merit. If transmitters are closer together than channels 1, 6, and 11 (for example, 1, 4, 7, and [17] 10), overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput. [18] However, overlapping channels may be used under certain circumstances. This way, more channels are available.

Frames Current 802.11 standards define "frame" types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links. Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections. Each frame consists of a MAC header, payload and frame check sequence (FCS). Some frames may not have the payload. The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame. The frame control field is further subdivided into the following sub-fields: Protocol Version:two bits representing the protocol version. Currently used protocol version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use. Type:two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11. Sub Type:Four bits providing addition discrimination between frames. Type and Sub type together to identify the exact frame. ToDS and FromDS:Each is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distributed system. Control and management frames set these values to zero. All the data frames will have one of these bits set. However communication within an IBSS network always set these bits to zero. More Fragments:The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission. Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set. Retry:Sometimes frames require retransmission, and for this there is a Retry bit which is set to one when a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames. Power Management:This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will never set the power saver bit. More Data:The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system. The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available and addresses all stations connected. WEP:The WEP bit is modified after processing a frame. It is toggled to one after a frame has been decrypted or if no encryption is set it will have already been one. Order:This bit is only set when the "strict ordering" delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty. The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field. This field can take one of three forms: Duration, Contention-Free Period (CFP), and Association ID (AID). An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields. Each field can carry a MAC address. Address 1 is the receiver, Address 2 is the transmitter, Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver.

6